The first Galileo Full Operational Capability satellite emerges from the Phenix test chamber after five weeks of thermal–vacuum testing.
ESA’s newest Galileo satellite has emerged from five weeks of simulated space conditions. On Friday, a hatch slid open to end its thermal-vacuum test, a milestone on the way to orbit.
The satellite was placed in the 4.5-meter-diameter Phenix chamber in ESA’s ESTEC Test Centre in Noordwijk, the Netherlands, in late October. Once inside, the air was pumped out to create a space-quality vacuum. The temperature extremes were also reproduced, with the six copper walls of the thermal tent cooled by liquid nitrogen down to -180°C.
A second Galileo has been undergoing the same rigors at the site, along with a vibration and shock test to reproduce separation from the launcher. Thermal-vacuum testing on the second model will begin early next year. The two satellites will be launched on a Soyuz rocket from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana midway through this coming year. They are the first two Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellites, following on from the first four already in orbit.
The next Galileo is expected to arrive at ESTEC in March, with further satellites following every seven weeks or so. A total of 22 FOC satellites are being built by OHB in Germany, with navigation payloads being delivered from Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. in the UK.
The main antenna of the second Galileo Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellite being inspected with a flashlight in advance of mass property testing during August 2013.
Europe’s next pair of Galileo satellites have been the focus of a busy autumn at the European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) technical centre in the Netherlands, continuing a full-scale campaign to ensure their readiness for space.
The first Galileo Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellite, FM1, seen beside the Phenix test chamber being readied for its five-week long thermal vacuum testing in October 2013.
With the first four Galileos already in orbit, these new versions are the first two of a total 22 Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellites being built by OHB in Germany with a payload from Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. in the UK.
The second satellite joined its predecessor in mid-August at ESA’s European Space Research and Technology Centre in Noordwijk. This is the largest spacecraft testing site in Europe, with a full range of space simulation facilities under a single roof in cleanroom conditions. A wide range of tests have been performed on the two satellites.
The first of the two satellites is now midway through a five-week immersion in vacuum and temperature extremes that mimic the conditions it faces in space. This thermal-vacuum test takes place inside a 4.5-meter diameter stainless-steel vacuum chamber called Phenix. An inner box called the thermal tent has sides that are heated to simulate the Sun’s radiation or cooled down by liquid nitrogen to create the chill of Sunless space.
Second Galileo Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellite being prepared for acoustic testing, simulating the noise of a rocket launch, inside the Large European Acoustic Facility, LEAF, of the ESTEC Test Centre in early September 2013.
The newly arrived satellite first underwent a mass property test — measured to check its center of gravity and mass are aligned within design specifications. The more precisely these are known, the more efficiently the satellite’s orientation can be controlled with thruster firings in orbit, potentially elongating their working life by conserving propellant.
Meanwhile, its predecessor left the wider universe behind in the Maxwell Test Chamber. Shielded walls blocking out all external electrical signals and spiky, radio-absorbing anechoic material lining the chamber enable electromagnetic compatibility testing. Isolated within the chamber as though floating in infinite space, the satellite could be switched on to check all its systems can operate together without interference.
September saw the second satellite undergo acoustic testing in the Large European Acoustic Facility, LEAF, effectively the largest sound system in Europe. The first satellite submitted to this trial just a few weeks before. A quartet of noise horns are embedded in one wall of this 11-meter-wide, 9-meter-deep and 16.4-meter-high chamber, generating sound by passing nitrogen gas through the horns, surpassing 140 decibels.
Galileo Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellite first flight model, FM1, being prepared for ‘passive intermodulation testing’ within the Maxwell electromagnetic test facility inside the ESTEC Test Centre at the end of August 2013.
Accelerometers placed within the satellite checked for potentially hazardous internal vibration during this trial by sound. Then the spacecraft was vibrated on the shaker tables, simulating the violent forces of a rocket launch.
Up-and-down vibration on the QUAD shaker followed by side-to-side shaking on the horizontal shaker, with data gathered across hundreds of channels.
The satellite was then connected to the dispenser that will hold it during launch to simulate the separation at the end of its climb to orbit. This separation is triggered by firing a pyro device which then pushes the satellite away from the dispenser. This demonstration took place last month.
“There will always be two Galileo satellites being tested at the ESTEC Test Centre for the next few years,” explains Giuliano Gatti, the head of the Galileo Space Segment Procurement Office.
“As the Galileo constellation takes shape, ESTEC will remain an essential part of each satellite’s pathway to space, between the end of manufacturing in Germany and UK and the launch by Soyuz ST-B or Ariane-5 from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana.
“Of course, the testing on these initial FOC satellites is especially rigorous because we are validating the overall design. The Galileo satellites to follow will undergo more streamlined ‘acceptance’ testing instead.”
The next two satellites are in final assembly at OHB in Germany, scheduled to reach ESTEC early next year, as these first two satellites head off to French Guiana for launch.
Galileo Full Operational Capability Flight Model 2, FM2, satellite’s main L-band antenna used for broadcasting navigation messages, seen during preparation for a mass property test at the ESTEC Test Centre at the end of August 2013.
The European Space Agency (ESA) has released detailed views of the next batch of Galileo satellites, the first of which cuurently performs under simulated space conditions at the ESTEC technical center in Noordwijk, the Netherlands.
The first Galileo Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellite is functionally identical to the four Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites already in orbit, but has been built by a separate industrial team. All 22 FOC satellites so far procured by ESA have as prime contractor OHB in Bremen, Germany; Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. in Guildford, UK, produces the navigation payloads. The photos shown here were taken at OHB.
The satellite’s body measures 2.5 x 1.2 x 1.1 meters (8.2 x 3.9 x 3.6 feet), and it weighs approximately 733 kilos (1,616 pounds). Atop it in these photographs (although on the underside when orbiting Earth) is the circular L-band antenna that will continuously broadcast navigation messages.
The smaller, hexagonal antenna beside it will pick up emergency messages from vessels in distress and relay location and other information to search and rescue authorities, contributing to the international Cospas–Sarsat system.
A second Galileo FOC satellite is due to also travel to ESTEC this summer, preparing for a launch later this year.
L-Band antenna of the FOC satellite. Photo: ESAemergency signal antenna of the FOC satellite. Photo: ESA
L2, L5 CNAV Testing
The U.S. Air Force Space Command began testing civil navigation (CNAV)capabilities on the GPS L2 and L5 signals on June 15 and was scheduled to continue until June 29. Civil users and manufacturers were invited to participate.
According to the GPS Directorate, the CNAV live-sky testing program will span several years and will evolve to support GPS enterprise and modernized civil navigation performance objectives. Objectives include:
◾ Verify and validate the CNAV requirements specified IS-GPS-200F and IS-GPS-705B.
◾ Facilitate the development of robust IS-compliant L2C and L5 civil receivers.
More information about the testing is available in a 52-page PDF, including sections on test strategy, event conditions and constraints, operational environment, test support resources and data collection, evaluation methodology, risk assessment, and reporting.
The L2 CNAV data is an upgraded version of the original NAV navigation message. It contains higher precision representation and nominally more accurate data than the NAV data. Two out of every four packets are ephemeris data and at least one of every four packets will include clock data, but the design allows for a wide variety of packets to be transmitted. Only a fraction of the available packet types have been defined; this enables the system to grow and incorporate advances.
One packet contains a GPS-to-GNSS time offset, enabling interoperability with other global time-transfer systems such as Galileo and GLONASS, both of which are supported. The extra bandwidth enables the inclusion of a packet for differential correction. Every packet contains an alert flag, to be set if the satellite data cannot be trusted. Users will know within six seconds if a satellite is no longer usable, important data for safety-of-life applications such as aviation.
The system is designed to support 63 satellites, compared with 32 in the L1 NAV message.
Possible New GPS Launch Option
The U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) has signed a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with Space Exploration Technologies Corp., better known as SpaceX, as part of the company’s effort to certify its Falcon 9 v1.1 Launch System for National Security Space (NSS) missions.
SMC and SpaceX will look at the Falcon’s flight history, vehicle design, reliability, safety systems, and other aspects. Once the evaluation is complete, the SMC commander will determine whether SpaceX has the capability to successfully launch NSS missions using the Falcon 9 v1.1.
Currently, United Launch Alliance’s Delta IV and Atlas V are the only certified launch vehicles capable of lifting NSS payloads — such as the GPS satellites — into orbit. The addition of multiple certified launch vehicles provides more options to place needed capabilities on orbit. While certification does not guarantee a contract award, it does enable a company to compete for launch contracts. Those contracts could be awarded as early as Fiscal Year 2015 with launch services provided as early as FY 2017.
GPS III Funds Cut, GPS IV on Horizon?
According to a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) spending plan released on June 1, space programs were relatively protected in an environment of across-the-board budget cuts known as sequestration. Specifically, although the budget for GPS III has been reduced for both 2013 and 2014, the reductions still allow the proposed program to stay on course. The cuts amount to about $58 million from GPS III and its associated ground system.
Congressional lawmakers proposed spending $77 million less next year for the GPS III satellite and ground systems than proposed by the Air Force, which asked for nearly $1.1 billion.
Currently, the Air Force has eight GPS III satellites contracted with Lockheed Martin Space Systems, and current plans call for the purchase of 12 further satellites with improved capabilities.
GPS IV. Gen. William Shelton, commander of Air Force Space Command, floated the possibility of a new look for the constellation on Capitol Hill. In an April 25 House hearing, Shelton said the Air Force will study this fall whether to buy another 12 GPS III craft or move on to a new generation of satellites.
“Would it be better to continue [GPS III] as opposed to starting a whole new fourth generation?” asked Representative Doug Lamborn of Colorado. “That’s the decision we will have to make in the fall,” replied Shelton. “It seems like the answer would be ‘yes’ but we will study that.”
A key aspect of the next-next gen satellite would have to be dual-launch capability. The reduction in expense this would furnish is in higher and higher demand as time goes by. Both Lockheed and Boeing are reportedly in talks with the Air Force regarding IV.
System Briefs
GLONASS Embezzle Imbroglio. The Russian Federal Security Service is investigating the embezzlement of billions of rubles from the construction of the GLONASS center in Korolyov, a town outside Moscow, as reported by Izvestia.
Construction of the GLONASS control and support center began in June 2010 on the site used by TsNIImash, the head research company of Russia’s federal space agency. The center was supposed to hold equipment for collecting and processing the data supplied by the GLONASS global network.
The construction was financed by a federal program, with 1.050 billion ($33.22 million) allocated for the project. By the end of 2010, it came to light that construction costs had been overstated, Izvestia reports. An expert appraisal revealed that the contractor had rigged the costs. The government did not allocate additional funds, so construction was suspended in December 2011 when the Federal GLONASS Program for 2002-–2011 ended. The construction of the building has never been completed.
In November 2012, the general designer of GLONASS, Yuri Urlichich, was dismissed from his post as a result of the scandal.
IRNSS Nav Center, July Launch. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Navigation Centre for the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) was inaugurated May 28, at the Deep Space Network complex at Byalalu, near Bangalore, India.
IRNSS, an independent navigation satellite system being developed by India, will have a constellation of seven satellites in geostationary and inclined geosynchronous orbits. IRNSS coverage will extend over India and the southeast Asia region. The ISRO Navigation Centre (INC) is responsible for providing the time reference, generation of navigation messages, and monitoring and control of ground facilities including ranging stations of IRNSS. IRNSS will establish a network of 21 ranging stations geographically distributed primarily across India to provide data for the orbit determination of IRNSS satellites and monitoring of the navigation signals.
On June 15, India’s Economic Times reported that a new launch date (postponed from previously announced June 11) was set for IRNSS-R1A or 1A, the first IRNSS satellite: July 1 at 18:13 UTC.
Beidou Jammed. A Beidou satellite is now believed to have experienced interference from a complex electromagnetic environment, which cut off signal transmissions in 2007, China’s People’s Daily reported. A team of scientists was able to overcome the interference issue in less than three months by 2008.
Wang Feixue, a scientist specializing in the Beidou navigation system and a senior colonel in the People’s Liberation Army said, “Had they not been able to recover the signal within three months, future satellite launches would have been indefinitely delayed. And satellites already launched would have been put out of operation.”
EGNOS Contract. A new European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) service provision contract was signed June 26 at the European Commission Vice President Antonio Tajani’s office in Brussels. The contractee is again the European Satellite Services Provider (ESSP), founded in 2001and in 2008 transformed into ESSP SAS and moved from Brussels to Toulouse.
Its shareholders are seven European air navigation service providers: Aeropuertos Espanoles y Navegacion Aerea (Spain), Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH (Germany), Direction générale de l’Aviation civile (France), Ente Nazionale Di Assistenza Al Volo (Italy), National Air Traffic Services (UK), Navegação Aérea de Portugal, and Skyguide (Switzerland).
Recently released views of the next two Galileo satellites in the European Space Agency’s testing lab, along with dual-launch rumblings from the U.S. Air Force and Lockheed Martin, occasion this story about two birds with one drone. That is, an unmanned autonomous vehicle bound for the exosphere. The rest of the GNSS world is on board with this topic; isn’t it about time GPS caught up?
The first two Galileo Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellites will launch as a pair, earlier advertised as a September blast, now possibly delayed until December; a second dynamic duo will follow sometime thereafter. Then two again, and two, and two, until the Ariane 5 rocket launches four at once. Four!
The latest official U.S. Air Force plans say that by the ninth GPS III satellite (SV-09), the program plans to initiate programmatic and hardware changes to allow for the first-ever GPS dual launch. The motive, of course, is cost savings. The GPS program (probably) has no need to hurry, as other GNSSes do, in order to have a full constellation operative broadcasting — previous predictions about constellation gaps notwithstanding.
Even with dual launch, according to Lockheed Martin Navigation Systems vice president Keoki Jackson (and here I am drawing from Don Jewell’s Space Symposium column), from SV-09 forward the savings will only amount to about $70 million per launch, because it will require a larger launch vehicle.
Only $70 million. Well, to quote Senator Everett Dirksen, adjusting for inflation, “$70 million here, $70 million there, pretty soon, you’re talking real money.”
Take this all in the context of GPS III having reached the point that it will cost nearly $450 million to place a single GPS space vehicle and payload in orbit.
Rising costs and the possibility to combat them with dual launches constitute at least one of the driving forces behind the NavSat or NibbleSat drawing-board concept: a small GPS satellite, without the burden of other non-nav payloads.
Coincidentally, an initiative underway seeks to evaluate “new launch entrants,” according to General Willie Shelton, commander, Air Force Space Command. “If a new entrant can come in and provide a cost-effective launch capability for several launches, then we will look seriously at them as well,” he told Don Jewell in an interview nearly a year ago.
Jewell: “Why don’t we move into the arena of trying to pin down a vehicle or set of vehicles for dual launch? You and I once discussed GPS III vehicles 7-8 for that honor, and you mentioned at the time that it was a moving target. Where do we stand today?
General Shelton: Don, I think we are now probably talking about GPS III vehicles 9-10. We are still in the study phase on this issue with Lockheed Martin and United Launch Alliance. We are still trying to figure out how we would do dual launch and what kind of capabilities we need to develop. I think this is really the wave of the future…being able to put two up simultaneously will save us a lot in launch costs.”
In April of this year, John Frye, Lockheed Martin’s GPS III capability and affordability insertion manager, reiterated, in comments regarding the Delta Preliminary Design Review (dPDR) for the GPS III satellite, “The design modifications from this dPDR address ways to further reduce Air Force launch costs by $50 million per satellite through dual launch of two GPS III space vehicles on a single booster. This successful dPDR milestone sets the stage to proceed with SV09 design maturation.”
Rockets. Recently, the U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) signed a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with Space Exploration Technologies Corp., better known as SpaceX, as part of the company’s effort to certify its Falcon 9 v1.1 launch system for National Security Space (NSS) missions.
SMC and SpaceX will look at the Falcon’s flight history, vehicle design, reliability, safety systems, and other aspects. Once the evaluation is complete, the SMC commander will determine whether SpaceX has the capability to successfully launch NSS missions using the Falcon 9 v1.1.
Currently, United Launch Alliance’s Delta IV and Atlas V are the only certified launch vehicles capable of lifting NSS payloads — such as the GPS satellites — into orbit.
The Falcon CRADA may be a preliminary, tentative move towards dual-launch capability. Consider:
An earlier iteration, Falcon 9, can reportedly lift payloads of 4,850 kilograms (10,700 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The Falcon 9 v1.1— subject of the CRADA and scheduled for first flight in mid-2013—will use a longer first stage powered by nine Merlin 1D engines arranged in an octagonal pattern. Development testing of the v1.1 Falcon 9 first stage was just completed in June. These improvements will increase the payload capability by nearly 50 percent. The new first stage can also be used as side boosters on Falcon Heavy, which reportedly will have a capability of lifting 12,000 kg (26,000 lb) to GTO.
According to an Air Force fact sheet, the GPS III satellite has a launch weight of 8,115 lb.
The Atlas V 401 rocket, most recently used to launch the GPS IIF-4 satellite in May, has a GTO launch capability of 4,750 kg. (10,472 lb.) A steroid version of the Delta IV, the Delta IV Heavy, has a GTO launch capability of 13,130 kg (28,950 lb), more than any other currently available launch vehicle. It also carries a more substantial price tag.
To sum up these various vectors pointing largely in the same direction, GPS has a potential in the somewhat near-mid distant future of going to dual launch.
Meanwhile, this has been fait accompli for the other GNSSes.
Galileo
The first two in-orbit validation (IOV) satellites built by Astrium traveled aloft together in October 2011, as did the third and fourth IOV satellites in October 2012.
According Paul Flament, European Commission Programme Manager and Head of the EU Satellite Navigation Programme Unit, in an interview earlier this year with GPS World, “Satellites 5 and 6 will be launched in September of this year, aboard a Soyuz launcher from Kourou, and numbers 7 and 8 will follow in December.” These launches may since have been re-adjusted to later dates, respectively.
“Then, in 2013 we will see three Soyuz launches of two satellites each. We do not have the precise launch dates yet, but they are likely to be in April, June, and September. In December 2014, we expect to have the first launch using the Ariane 5 launcher, which is capable of deploying four satellites in one go. This means that by the end of 2014 Galileo will have deployed 18 satellites in orbit.
“In 2015, there will be two Ariane 5 launches, one in the middle of the year, one at the end, each carrying four satellites.”
GLONASS
Within days, perhaps, three GLONASS-M satellites will blast off together from Baikonur: GLONASS 48, 49, 50. This is only the latest of GLONASS triple launches.
As Richard Langley is my witness, the Russians accomplished a GLONASS hat-trick as long ago as September 1986! The first in a more recent series of triplets, in December 2010, failed rather spectacularly and cost Russia an estimate 5 billion roubles ($160 million), setting back GLONASS by six months. The system has since intermingled single- and triple-satellite launches.
Compass
China has demonstrated success with two dual launches of mid-Earth orbit satellites, among its constellation lodged at varied heights. Compass-M3 and Compass-M4 rose together in April 2012, as did M5 and M6 in September of that year.
In the early hours of May 15, Galileo’s first full operational capability (FOC) satellite left the manufacturer’s integration hall in Bremen, Germany. The satellite, assembled by OHB System AG, is now headed for Noordwijk in the Netherlands, where it will undergo an environmental testing campaign and further system testing at the ESTEC’s Test Center on the premises of the European Space Agency (ESA).
Before the satellite was shipped, it had successfully completed integration and system testing, according to OHB System.
The first Galileo FOC satellite. (Photo credit: OHB System AG.)
Its twin FOC satellite is in the final phase of completion at OHB System. Over the next few weeks, it will also be integrated and tested, after which it will be shipped to Noordwijk. The two satellites are to be placed in orbit on board a Soyuz launcher, which will is planned to lift off from Kourou in French Guyana this fall.
These two satellites are the first of a series of 22 Galileo FOC satellites manufactured by OHB System and its industrial partners. The FOC phase of the Galileo program is managed and funded by the European Union. The European Commission and ESA have signed a delegation agreement by which ESA acts as design and procurement agent on behalf of the commission.
At ESA’s test center, thermal vacuum testing will simulate the temperature extremes the satellites must endure in the airlessness of space throughout their 12-year working lifetimes. Without any moderating atmosphere, temperatures can shift hundreds of degrees from sunlight to shadow.
Other activities on the schedule include shaker and acoustic noise testing — simulating the vibration and noise of launch — as well as electromagnetic compatibility and antenna testing, placing the satellite in chambers shielded from all external radio signals to reproduce infinite space and check that its various antennas and electrical systems are interoperable without harmful interference.
Each satellite will offer the full range of Galileo positioning, navigation and timing services, plus search and rescue message relays, their accuracy ensured by on-board atomic clocks kept synchronized by a worldwide ground network.
“The Galileo FOC satellites provide the same capabilities as the previous IOV satellites, but with improved performance, such as higher transmit power,” explained Giuliano Gatti, head of the Galileo Space Segment Procurement Office. “They are to all intents a new design that requires a full checkout before getting the green light for launch. By fully validating this satellite, the second flight model due to follow it here at beginning of June, and the third one due to arrive in ESTEC at middle of July, we gain full knowledge of their characteristics, and the further satellites in the series will require less rigorous functional testing.”
Beating up the backstretch neck and neck, tied for third in the GNSS race, Galileo and Compass today offer some signals and some satellites to GNSS users — as long as those users are researchers. Galileo has more going for it in the way of signals, while Compass holds an edge in the number of satellites. Without an interface control document (ICD) to guide user/researchers and most importantly manufacturers in the employment of its signals, Compass satellites, however they may increase, are practically useless to anyone outside China. A Compass ICD has been rumored before and is now rumored again. Wait and see before placing your bets.
The fourth Galileo in-orbit validation (IOV) satellite, Flight Model 4 (FM4), began transmitting signals on December 12, joining its co-launched confrère FM3, which began airing navigation signals on December 1. The FM4 spacecraft uses PRN code E20. As of this writing, FM3 is broadcasting E1, E5, and E6 signals, and FM4 is broadcasting E1 and E5 signals; we don’t know if and when FM4 E6 signals start(ed) until ESA tells us.
GPS World authors Oliver Montenbruck (German Space Operations Center) and Richard Langley (University of New Brunswick) have written an early analysis of the signals from FM3; this account will appear in the January issue of the magazine. A few selected excerpts from that article, and one figure:
“Anyone with commonly available GNSS receivers can presently access the open signals in the E1, E5a, and E5b frequency bands as well as the wide-band E5 AltBOC signal.
Figure 1: Pseudorange errors of IOV-3 tracking at Tanegashima, Japan, using the E1 BOC(1,1) signal (top) and the E5 AltBOC signal (center). The elevation angle over time is shown in the bottom panel.
“According to an ESA statement, FM3will continue to use binary offset carrier modulation — specifically BOC(1,1) — on the E1 Open Service signals for the time being. In contrast to this, the first pair of IOV satellites has already started to use composite binary offset carrier modulation, which offers better multipath suppression in the received signal.
“The E5 AltBOC pseudorange measurements in particular exhibit an exceptionally low noise and multipath level of better than 10 centimeters at mid- and high-elevation angles.”
After discussing and displaying some carrier-phase measurements of the Galileo FM3 E1, E5, and E6 signals, Montenbruck and Langley conclude; “This level of performance highlights the potential benefit of Galileo signals in advanced triple-frequency techniques such as undifferenced ambiguity resolution and ionospheric monitoring.”
Theoretically, the total of four Galileo IOV satellites now in medium-Earth orbit yield the minimum number needed to perform a 3D navigation fix, although no statement of initial — or even sketchy — operating capability has been issued by the European Space Agency (ESA), nor is one expected.
Antonio Tajani, vice-president of the European Commission (EC) and head of the EC directorate-general responsible for industry and entrepreneurship, continues to publicly maintain a “political objective [of] the delivery of the first services before the end of 2014,” based on 18 orbiting satellites. In a December speech, he revised the basis for that position slightly to say the civil Open Service (OS) could be declared operational with as few as 12 satellites.
The system operators had announced three dual-satellite launches in 2013, two dual-satellite launches and one four-satellite launch in 2014, hypothetically producing an operable constellation of 18 satellites by the end of the promised 2014. However, unconfirmed reports from Europe suggest that problems with manufacture of the next set of 14 Galileo satellites mean that no launches at all will take place until Q4 of 2013. Whether this will push out the service delivery date beyond 2014 or not remains open to conjecture.
Compass
Another matter open to conjecture and much speculation is whether the world will soon — or ever — see an interface control document (ICD) for China’s Compass system. More than a year ago, I wrote that “The ICD has been rumored to be available previously to receiver manufacturers within China, creating some disgruntlement among companies outside the country . . . GPS/Compass chips and receivers are being actively developed by many Chinese manufacturers and research institutes.” Indeed, conference presentations, leading to a published article in this magazine’s October issue, “What Is Achievable with the Current Compass Constellation,“ confirm that this is so.
And yet, the rest of the world neither has nor holds a Compass ICD.
The end-of-year rumor mill has kicked into gear again, though. A GNSS industry representative stationed in Shanghai, China sent this message recently to a U.S. colleague: “Latest unofficial news said that the Compass Interface Control Document (ICD) will be released on 27th this month, and will be available on the internet on 28th.”
