In recent years, hostile actors have jammed or spoofed PNT services, demonstrating potential threats to key services. PNT can also be affected by natural events like solar flares from the sun.
The £155 million funding was announced Wednesday by Science Minister Lord Vallance at the Royal Institute of Navigation’s annual PNT Leadership Seminar, which brings together researchers, innovators and business leaders from across the sector.
The investment includes initial work to provide PNT that is independent of signals from satellites, making it harder to jam or spoof; PNT resilience at the National Physical Laboratory; and a new system to proactively monitor for threats to the UK’s PNT services.
The £155 million funding consists of:
£71 million to begin work on a UK National Enhanced Long-Range Navigation (eLoran) program, providing PNT across land, air and sea independent of signals from satellites, and hard to jam or spoof.
£68 million for further development of the National Timing Centre (NTC) program. The NTC is being delivered by the National Physical Laboratory to develop the UK’s first nationally distributed time infrastructure. As well as boosting resilience, it could help with innovative new uses of technologies like 5G, satellite communications, and self-driving vehicles.
£13 million for work on a UK GNSS interference monitoring program, to deliver a world-leading capability for the UK to monitor and react to threats to PNT signals, like jamming and spoofing.
£3 million for the Space-Based Time Transfer R&D program. This will develop the technology required to deliver global timing systems independent of GPS and other GNSS.
“Having resilient and enduring access to Position, Navigation and Timing Services is a critical part of life in today’s world, and a major plank in the UK’s national security,” Vallance said. “So many of the things we take for granted every day, from using our phones to planning a journey, simply couldn’t happen without it. The UK is a leader in this field, but in an uncertain world we cannot be complacent. The funding we are announcing today will ultimately help protect Britain from the risks posed to PNT, from both accidental outages and hostile acts, safeguarding everyone’s wealth and wellbeing.”
“Strengthening the UK’s PNT capabilities will give direction to our growing PNT industry, supporting the wider economy and national renewal, whilst cementing the UK’s position as a global PNT leader,” Vallance said.
Today’s news comes after a substantial year of progress for UK PNT. The government agreed to closer work with both the US and France around PNT resilience, as part of September’s UK-US Technology Prosperity Deal and July’s UK-France Summit.
DSIT published a Call for Evidence on PNT growth in June, seeking views on the PNT market and R&D landscape in the UK, as well as the barriers to market entry, commercialisation, and user adoption. We will publish a summary of our findings later this year.
Among them was a funding increase for the National Physical Laboratory’s National Time Centre (NTC) project, from £30 million to £62.7 million, and a plan to have NTC and the first of the nation’s new eLoran towers at initial operating capability by January of 2027.
Plans for all efforts beyond next year were necessarily caveated with “subject to spending review.”
Still, seminar attendees were gratified to hear the minister endorse the ten-point PNT policy framework published by the previous administration in 2023. It was particularly encouraging that he also committed to operationalizing it with implemented systems.
The minister did not mention the UK’s significant investment in quantum research, which was discussed later in the seminar. This research has the potential to contribute to PNT with better timekeeping and inertial and gravimetric sensing. Three quantum hubs — one each in Scotland, the Midlands and the South — are part of this effort.
Lord Vallance, UK Science Minister. (Image: 10 Dowing Street)
Lord Vallance and Shabana Haque, Ph.D., the head of the National PNT Office, who spoke later, also mentioned two important non-technology themes.
The first theme was that the PNT office is fully funded, staffed and very active. It was created last year as a cross-government effort and included representation from the Ministry of Defence. In addition to pushing the nation’s PNT efforts forward, the office has been engaged with numerous other governments, including those of the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Japan and Korea.
Secondly, the PNT initiatives are necessary for the nation’s resilience and security but will also be a source of economic benefits. This goes beyond PNT resilience, enabling Britain’s economy to function during local and potentially widespread GNSS disruption events. As the nation develops the technology stack to support its own resilient PNT architecture, along with enabling and supporting policies, devices and services will become marketable to others.
Shabana Haque, Ph.D., head of the UK PNT Office, spoke to the RIN at its 2024 UK PNT Leadership Seminar. (Image: RIN)
A sovereign PNT capability that can both stand independently and cooperate with GNSS is becoming increasingly attractive to many nations. Being able to source such a capability from a respected and trusted ally such as Great Britain could make acquiring and implementing such a system much easier for many.
The UK government has been working with several partners to advance its understanding and planning implementation of an eLoran capability. Haque highlighted work with the ESA’s F)!NAVISP program, resulting in the UK’s Roke developing an eLoran antenna for handheld devices. She also discussed the integration of the National Timing Centre’s clock and fiber network with eLoran signals and the development of GNSS/eLoran receivers. Of particular interest to many was an “eLoran Effectiveness Report” that the government commissioned and received from the General Lighthouse Authority’s Research and Development (GRAD) team. GRAD has had extensive experience with the technology, having operated and evaluated a differential eLoran system along Britain’s east coast for more than a year.
In a related move that helped signal the UK’s commitment to the technology, the Ministry of Defence issued a request for information (RFI) about a deployable eLoran capability in September. The RFI indicated that the document was a prelude to an acquisition.
The UK Science Minister also praised the RIN’s work and publication of a series of tools to help explain PNT and the need for resilience to those outside the community. The tools will also help organizations evaluate their readiness for GNSS disruptions.
A PNT Resilience Checklist for organizations to use to self-evaluate their risk from GNSS disruptions.
The RIN recommends that PNT experts use these tools to work with customers, suppliers and partners and act as a “guiding hand.”
The RIN sees these all as a “phase 1 release.” Feedback on the tools is encouraged and should be sent to [email protected] The RIN team say they are eager to know what works, what could be improved, and to receive suggestions for other efforts.
As a “learned society,” the RIN has a significant influence on government policy and direction. Lord Vallance recognized this, saying that “the Royal Institute has played a really important role in recent years to highlight the PNT opportunity and risk, to provide expertise, and to work with government on solutions.”
The RIN’s director, John Pottle, and RIN Fellows Ramsey Faragher, Guy Buesnel and Andy Proctor were all recognized during the seminar for their contributions to the organization’s resilient PNT efforts.
Commercial eLoran to be offered in the UK
Hellen Systems, Inc. and Arqiva have partnered to develop a commercial eLoran service in the United Kingdom. The announcement was made on the Hellen Systems LinkedIn page.
The partners seek to support critical national infrastructure, government, and military users by citing the need for “sovereign, independent, resilient” PNT alternatives.
eLoran is deployed and operating across China and South Korea. Older versions of Loran are operating in Russia and Saudi Arabia. Yet, aside from a single transmitter in the UK being used as a timing signal, operating Loran systems have been off the air in the West since the European system shut down in deference to Galileo in 2016.
In recent years, increasing interference with GNSS signals has rekindled Western interest in the technology. The European Space Agency (ESA) recently sponsored a project that produced an eLoran antenna suitable for mobile devices. Three transmitters are on-air in the U.S., presumably for testing, and the UK Ministry of Defence has issued a request for information, which is expected to lead to the purchase of a deployable eLoran system (the U.S. Air Force operated a deployable capability called Loran-D in the 1970s).
Originally developed and used in World War II, some still view Loran as old technology. Its advocates counter that today’s telephones and televisions are vastly improved over 1940s technology, and the same is true for eLoran over its older Loran-A and Loran-C versions.
A high-power terrestrial system operating at 100kHz, UK demonstrations with differential eLoran in 2014 showed an accuracy of 10 m positioning and 50 ns timing. The positioning accuracy for the previous version of Loran, Loran-C, was approximately 460 m absolute accuracy, 90 m repeatable accuracy and 5 µs.
Hellen Systems’ President, Bridge Littleton, says the partnership is “… excited to bring commercial eLoran to the UK as a unique resilient PNT capability” and cites its advantages as a secure signal able to penetrate deep indoors without the need for an external antenna. The UK frequency regulator, Ofcom, proposed offering commercial eLoran licenses in 2022 and began the process in 2023. Hellen was granted a UK spectrum license for eLoran earlier this year.
The announcement also lists Microchip, Chronos Technology, Ltd, Continental Electronics, and CGI as team members in the project.
The United Kingdom’s National Timing Centre will conduct a two-phase series of funded studies and demonstrations focusing on “innovation in the dissemination and application of resilient time, frequency and synchronisation.”
The first round now being advertised is for feasibility studies of projects costing between £50,000 and £250,000. Total funding for the round is £2M. A briefing for interested parties will be held on April 20.
The second round and remaining funding will be devoted to technology demonstrations.
The UK’s National Timing Centre was established in response to several national studies and concerns about the vulnerability of space-based timing services.
Severe solar storms, called coronal mass ejections, were listed on the UK National Risk Register in 2012. While rare, these events can damage assets in space and on the ground.
Next month marks the 100th anniversary of the New York Railroad Storm. It was so powerful, telegraph offices were set on fire in the U.S. and Europe, fuses were blown, and equipment damaged. Even underwater telegraph cable traffic was affected.
Experts say if such a storm were to strike the Earth today, it would likely damage GPS and other GNSS satellites. At a minimum, it would charge the atmosphere and prevent signals from getting through for days.
Projects that will be considered for the UK competition must be technologies and application areas providing trust, assurance, security and resilience for time distribution.
While supported by Innovate UK, the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), which operates the virtual National Timing Centre, appears to be the primary agent for execution. NPL will offer applicants who are selected to participate in the feasibility study phase free technical consultation up to 12 hours, and free access to highly precise and accurate time signals from four NPL locations in the southeast of England.
Since its inception, the National Timing Centre seems to have concentrated on establishing distributed suites of atomic clocks, probably linked by fiber, as a first step to improving the nation’s timing resilience.
Industry observers have opined that future efforts are likely to focus on wireless distribution.
“Wireless requires less infrastructure and has no user limit,” said one. “It only makes sense they would go there once they feel they have a solid clock foundation.”
The competition is open to UK entities. Applications will be accepted April 19-June 9, with accepted participants notified on July 30.
The UK’s emergency service responders and other critical services could be set for more resilient time systems through the National Timing Centre.
The United Kingdom has established a new timing center to reduce reliance of public services and its economy on GNSS satellites. The center uses a network of atomic clocks housed at secure locations, and consists of a team of researchers based at sites across the U.K.
The National Timing Centre will provide additional resilience for accurate timing, which underpins many everyday technologies including emergency response systems, 4G/5G mobile networks, communication and broadcast systems, transport, the stock exchange and the energy grid — all of which depend on precision timing from GNSS.
A large-scale GPS failure would cause a £1 billion a day economic impact to the UK. Loss of this accurate data would also have severe and life-threatening effects, such as on getting ambulances to patients or getting power to homes around the country. The center’s land-based technologies will improve the UK’s resilience and provide important back-up.
The UK’s current dependence on satellite technologies has been identified by the government as a potential security risk if a satellite were to experience a failure. The Blackett Review in 2018 looked at the UK’s vulnerabilities to over-reliance on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).
The government is investing £36 million to create the National Timing Centre, which will ensure the UK economy and public services have additional resilience to the risk of satellite failure. The investment will build a resilient network of clocks across the UK. It includes £6.7 million which will be made available via Innovate UK funding calls to SMEs and industry to innovate around timing and clocks.
Science Minister Amanda Solloway announced the center on Feb. 19. “Our economy relies on satellites for accurate timing,” she said. “Without satellites sending us timing signals, everything from the clocks and maps on our phones, to our emergency services and energy grid would be at risk. I’m delighted that this world-first centre will see our brightest minds, from Surrey to Strathclyde, working together to reduce the risks from satellite failure.”
“The failure of these systems has been identified as a major risk, and The National Timing Centre programme will help to protect both vital services and the economy from the disruption this would cause while delivering considerable economic benefits,” said UK Research and Innovation Chief Executive Professor Sir Mark Walport.
“We are proud to be leading the way in providing trusted and assured time and frequency,” said National Physical Laboratory CEO Pete Thompson. “The work undertaken by the team here has ensure the National Timing Centre programme will provide huge benefits to society, whilst underpinning secure applications in the future.”
The center also includes researchers at the University of Birmingham, the University of Strathclyde, University of Surrey, BT Adastral Park, Suffolk, BBC, Manchester, and the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington.
The £76 million investment furthers the government’s commitment to significantly boost R&D investment across every part of the UK, including funding transformational technologies and increasing the number of researchers.
The funding is provided through the Strategic Priorities Fund, which supports high-quality discipline research and development priorities, with investment also going towards autonomous systems and national collections.
