Collaboration focused on enabling plug-and-play, GPS-denied navigation capabilities for next-generation maritime platforms
Anello Photonics and Mythos AI are accelerating deployment of resilient, plug-and-play navigation solutions for the maritime sector. The collaboration brings together Anello’s advanced inertial sensing technology and Mythos AI’s intelligent autonomy software to address the growing need for resilient navigation in GPS-challenged environments.
Anello is creator of the Silicon Photonics Optical Gyroscope (SiPhOG). By combining SiPhOG-based inertial navigation with advanced sensor fusion and AI-driven collaborative autonomy, Anello and Mythos AI are delivering a fully integrated, plug-and-play solution that maintains performance when satellite signals are degraded or unavailable. It is designed to drop seamlessly into both next-generation and legacy maritime platforms. A multi-mission open systems architecture enables scalable deployment across defense, commercial and hybrid maritime operations.
Strategic focus on maritime autonomy and USVs
The initiative is particularly relevant to the rapidly evolving unmanned surface vehicle (USV) market. As USVs take on expanded roles in offshore energy, maritime security, hydrography, environmental monitoring and defense missions, complete end-to-end dependable navigation is essential to safe and effective operations.
A resilient, GPS-independent navigation capability enables:
greater operational assurance in GPS-denied or contested maritime environments
enhanced autonomy and mission continuity during signal disruptions
reduced integration complexity for OEMs and system integrators
scalability across a broad range of vessel sizes and mission profiles.
Anello and Mythos AI will collaborate with OEMs, integrators and end users to align the solution with evolving operational and regulatory demands.
CGI, one of the largest independent IT and business consulting services firms in the world, has entered an alliance partnership agreement with Vantor, provider of unified spatial intelligence from space to ground. The companies have signed a Letter of Intent outlining their plans to collaborate on developing next-generation solutions that combine CGI’s advanced artificial intelligence (AI), edge computing and visual analytics expertise with Vantor’s Spatial Intelligence platform Tensorglobe and its Raptor product for navigation and geolocation in GNSS-denied environments.
The collaboration will enhance mission effectiveness and real-time situational awareness across defense, national security and environmental domains. CGI and Vantor will deliver integrated intelligence solutions that combine AI, spatial intelligence, space-based sensing and digital platforms, enabling faster, more informed decision-making in increasingly complex operational environments.
The partnership reflects growing demand for interoperable, sovereign and commercial solutions that strengthen operational resilience in a changing geopolitical and environmental landscape.
“We are bringing together complementary strengths in AI-driven analytics and secure, scalable access to satellite data through this collaboration with Vantor. As governments and industry organisations look to improve resilience and responsiveness, integrating near-real-time space-based intelligence into digital command and control networks will be key to achieving decision advantage,” said John Hanley, Secure Mission Critical Solutions, CGI.
“Collaborating with CGI allows us to extend the reach of Vantor’s technology and apply it to new use cases that demand both agility and precision. Our combined capabilities will help defense and civil government customers derive actionable intelligence faster and more securely, supporting safer operations and smarter use of global data assets,” said Anders Linder, general manager, Vantor International.
The companies seek to develop solutions that fuse CGI Machine Vision and CGI SignalSense platforms with Vantor’s Tensorglobe services to enhance high-precision geo-positioning and imagery analytics. Integration with Vantor’s Raptor products will support users operating in GNSS denied or degraded environments to navigate and position coordinates. The collaboration will pursue opportunities across the UK, Europe, and allied markets for AI-enabled edge computing and space-based situational awareness capabilities.
Cavli Wireless offers the CQM220 5G RedCap module as a key part of its C-Series portfolio. Built on 3GPP Release 17 standards, the CQM220 brings the benefits of 5G reduced capability (RedCap) technology to internet of things (IoT) applications that require higher data rates, lower latency, and improved efficiency compared to traditional LTE solutions, while maintaining a cost- and power-optimized design.
Cavli Wireless is an end-to-end IoT solutions provider specializing in cellular IoT hardware, connectivity, and software.
For location-centric and mobility-driven use cases, the CQM220 integrates multi-constellation, dual-band GNSS with L1 and L5 support, including GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, NavIC, QZSS and SBAS. Dual-band positioning improves accuracy, reduces multipath interference, and enhances reliability in dense urban environments, industrial corridors, ports, mining zones, and other signal-challenged areas. This advanced GNSS architecture enables consistent, high-precision location awareness for mobile and geographically distributed IoT assets operating in dynamic conditions.
The CQM220 supports data rates of up to 220 Mbps downlink and 120 Mbps uplink under 5G RedCap, with LTE Cat 4 fallback for backward compatibility with 4G networks. This combination enables reliable operation across diverse network environments and ensures seamless migration toward 5G for OEMs and solution providers.
Designed in a compact LGA form factor and additionally offered in an M.2 form factor, the CQM220 provides flexibility for both embedded designs and standardized expansion-slot implementations. The LGA variant measures approximately 28.0 mm x 25.5 mm x 2.7 mm, making it well-suited for compact device architectures while still offering rich peripheral and interface support.
At the core of the CQM220 is an Arm Cortex-A7 processor clocking up to 1.9 GHz, paired with flexible memory configurations and the OpenWrt operating system. This architecture provides a robust platform for developers to build and deploy applications, while Cavli’s SDK enables custom application development directly on the module. By supporting on-module processing, the CQM220 reduces reliance on external microcontrollers, lowers the bill of materials, and simplifies overall system architecture.
The combination of precise GNSS and high-throughput 5G RedCap connectivity enables a new class of performance-driven and monitoring-intensive IoT applications. The CQM220 is well-suited for real-time fleet and asset tracking with continuous telemetry, smart logistics platforms with route optimization and cargo condition monitoring, industrial automation systems that rely on uninterrupted sensor data streams, HD and multi-camera smart surveillance deployments requiring sustained uplink bandwidth, and Industry 4.0 environments where low-latency data exchange and edge intelligence are critical to operational efficiency and predictive maintenance. These capabilities make the module an ideal foundation for solutions that demand both accurate location intelligence and sustained high data performance at scale.
In addition, the availability of the CQM220 in an M.2 form factor makes it an ideal choice for routers, industrial gateways, and customer premises equipment. The standardized M.2 interface enables seamless integration into existing networking hardware platforms, reducing development complexity and accelerating time to market. For industrial gateways, it provides a high-performance 5G RedCap backhaul option to aggregate field device data and securely transmit it to cloud platforms. In enterprise and retail routers, it enables reliable primary or failover WAN connectivity with enhanced throughput. For customer premises equipment in residential, enterprise, or remote deployment scenarios, the M.2 variant supports scalable 5G broadband access with simplified installation, efficient thermal design, and compatibility with modular network architectures.
The module also offers a wide range of interfaces, including USB 2.0, PCIe Gen2, I2C, UART, SPI, SDIO, I2S, ADC, and multiple antenna interfaces for main, diversity, and GNSS. With support for global and regional 5G and LTE bands, the CQM220 is designed for worldwide deployments, enabling OEMs to build a single hardware platform for multiple markets.
Emesent has launched its GX1 all-in-one mobile scanning system at Geo Week 2026 in Denver.
The GX1 is an integrated, highly accurate all-in-one mobile scanning system combining simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), lidar, real-time kinematic (RTK) georeferencing, cameras and software. The product marks a breakthrough for the autonomous mapping technology company.
The GX1 supports a seamless workflow, from capture to validated deliverable. It not only brings Emesent’s proven SLAM technology to everyday surveying applications, but also eliminates the longstanding trade-off faced by survey firms and players in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry between mobile scanning speed and dependable survey-grade accuracy.
According to Emesent, the GX1 can reduce the time required to survey a site by up to 95%, reducing what once took weeks into a single day of scanning. Meanwhile, the independently validated global accuracy of 5-10 mm delivers the precision needed for use cases across topographic and road surveying, scan to building information models, construction progress tracking and more.
These capabilities are supported by integrated RTK georeferencing with real-time quality monitoring, four 20MP cameras for 360° panoramic imagery, and Emesent’s proven SLAM algorithm. This technology — which also powers the Emesent Hovermap product — was developed and validated in extreme real-world environments, including GPS-denied, underground locations to ensure repeatable accuracy and reliability both indoors and out. Accuracy validation reports are produced quickly and easily in the Aura processing software.
With four purpose-built deployment modes — backpack, survey pole, vehicle mount and supported handheld — and integrated batteries for cable-free management, the GX1 offers a high degree of versatility. In addition, surveyors can capture data using RTK in the field or using ground control points and checkpoints in post-processing. This flexible georeferencing minimizes the risk of having to return to a site for redo.
“With the introduction of the GX1, we’ve answered the call we’ve heard echoing throughout the surveying industry to end the tug-of-war between fast and accurate,” said Dr Stefan Hrabar, chief strategy officer and co-founder of Emesent. “By putting the power of SLAM into the hands of the everyday surveyor, the GX1 raises the bar for mobile scanning accuracy and keeps critical projects on track.”
The launch of the GX1 comes at a pivotal moment for survey firms and the AEC industry. They are grappling with a shortage of experienced surveyors, while also facing mounting pressure from clients demanding faster, cheaper and better results without compromising on quality. The GX1 has been designed to be simple enough for junior surveyors to train on and deploy in a matter of days. At the same time, it is powerful enough to meet — and, according to Emesent, exceed — the real-world needs of professionals in the field.
Iridium Communications has unveiled the Iridium 9604, a compact, three-in-one internet of things (IoT) module that integrates Iridium short burst data satellite service, LTE-M cellular connectivity, and GNSS positioning into a single platform.
By combining these features in one device, the Iridium 9604 reduces solution complexity, lowers costs, and accelerates time to market, making dual-mode IoT connectivity viable for price-sensitive, high-volume deployments.
The Iridium 9604, built on the u-blox SARA-R5 platform, delivers a compact 16 x 26 x 2.4 mm form factor, best for dual-mode IoT deployments previously cost-prohibitive across industrial, infrastructure, and mobility applications.
“By integrating cellular, GNSS and Iridium satellite into a single, power-efficient module, we’re giving customers the flexibility to design and deploy lower cost, smaller, power-efficient, and location-aware solutions without the burden of integrating multiple components,” said Tim Last, executive vice president, Iridium.
The Iridium 9604 beta program, which launched earlier this year and was oversubscribed by a select group of companies, has generated positive industry feedback highlighting:
Lower costs, simplified design, and enabling of location-aware network selection
Savings of 60 percent or more in board space with the 3-in-1 module, Iridium’s smallest form factor
Easy-to-use developer resources.
“Our customers require essential data and real-time intelligence to operate with confidence anywhere in the world,” said Dean Welten, CEO, Everlink. “By integrating the Iridium 9604 with our secure cloud platform, we can now enable global connectivity, greater operational efficiency, and measurable impact at scale.”
A unified connectivity architecture
Representing the next phase of Iridium’s IoT strategy, the Iridium 9604 is moving the company beyond traditional satellite-only modules to a unified, multi-mode connectivity architecture. The Iridium network now offers customers three IoT service paths:
Iridium SBD packaged with cellular and GNSS in the Iridium 9604 or SBD/Iridium Burst dedicated modules.
Iridium NTN Direct for standards-based direct-to-device using third-party chips.
Iridium Messaging Transport-based (IMT) for industrial-scale, larger payload capabilities with the Iridium Certus 9704.
Commercial availability begins in June, with the Iridium 9604 Development Kit made available for testing satellite and cellular services.
Seekr has launched the beta testing of SeekrGeo, a geospatial reasoning engine. SeekrGeo provides advanced geospatial intelligence to enterprises and government agencies, accelerating actionable insights with launch partner Wyvern to deliver hyperspectral imaging capabilities.
Wyvern, a hyperspectral imaging and Earth observation data company, provides a comprehensive licensing agreement as Seekr’s inaugural data partner. The alliance accelerates enterprise access to scalable, high-resolution hyperspectral imaging powered by AI-driven analysis that can reason, detect changes over time, and identify meaningful patterns in activity for both national security and commercial use cases including wildland fire management, supply chain intelligence, and countless other actionable VLM-based insights.
As geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) grows to a projected $63B market by 2030, the gap between data availability and usable intelligence continues to widen. Bringing together Wyvern data and Seekr technology fills the gap in the market, giving enterprises and government customers a way to both access multimodal hyperspectral data, and synthesize intelligence and actionable insights with SeekrGeo’s Remote Sensing Foundation Model built for multimodal understanding, contextual reasoning, and autonomous analysis.
“Our first SeekrGeo customers required the use of Hyperspectral imaging to solve the most complex recognition problems. We recognized Wyvern for their best-in-class Hyperspectral LEO constellation and are very pleased to be working with them,” said Rob Clark, Seekr president.
“The biggest barrier to hyperspectral adoption has never been the data, it’s been the difficulty of turning that data into applications,” said Chris Robson, Co-Founder and CEO of Wyvern. “Seekr’s geospatial foundation model changes the equation entirely. Instead of needing months of specialized development work, our customers will be able to build new applications in a fraction of the time at scale.”
Advanced Navigation has released a product for navigating underground mines, based on its technology demonstration in October 2025.
Chimera Land is a 3D laser velocity sensor (LVS) designed to solve the primary challenge for underground mining: maintaining precise vehicle positioning in deep, dark, and unmapped environments where GPS cannot reach.
When fused with an Advanced Navigation inertial navigation system (INS), Chimera Land allows underground vehicles to maintain stable navigation over extended distances and time. Instead of needing to “ask” an external beacon or satellite for its location, the sensor uses specialized lasers to measure a vehicle’s ground-relative 3D velocity with high accuracy. By feeding this precise data into the vehicle’s INS, the sensor eliminates the drift that typically comes with standalone INS.
This integration uses AdNav Intelligence, the company’s proprietary software. Drawing on adaptive algorithms, the fusion engine dynamically weights the input from each sensor, adjusting reliance in real time based on their reliability scores, environmental conditions, and operational context.
The result is a resilient, high-performance, infrastructure-light positioning solution that excels in the high-dust, zero-light conditions typical of underground mines.
Chimera Land was demonstrated in Europe’s deepest underground mine as part of BHP’s Deep Mining Call. When integrated with Advanced Navigation’s high-performance Boreas D90 INS, the solution achieved a position accuracy of 99.9% of distance traveled. Crucially, this performance was maintained without relying on any fixed positioning infrastructure, pre-existing maps, or external aiding.
Key performance benchmarks:
Precision at depth. The system delivered a final position error of 15.9m over a 22.9km transit (approx. 52 ft over 14 miles) at 1.4km underground.
INS drift reduction. Chimera Land actively reduced the drift rate to a mere 0.07% per distance traveled.
Repeatable accuracy. Validated across five separate runs, the system consistently hit an accuracy of better than 0.1%.
Infrastructure-light. Enables full vehicle autonomy even where fixed networks and infrastructure end.
As mines move deeper and into more hostile geological frontiers, the cost of installing fixed infrastructure becomes prohibitive. Chimera Land is engineered to maintain high-confidence estimation in total darkness, heavy dust, and high-vibration mining environments.
It allows for “infrastructure-lite” operations across the value chain.
Autonomous haulage systems (AHS). Enables continuous high-speed tramming in development areas without the need for pre-surveyed beacons.
High-Precision machine guidance. Provides the sub-decimeter velocity accuracy required for automated drill rig alignment and robotic scaling.
Dynamic Fleet Management. Real-time, sovereign localization allows for precise asset tracking and ore reconciliation, even in the deepest “dead zones.
Predictive collision avoidance. High-fidelity 3D velocity data improves the “time-to-collision” calculations for safety systems, reducing nuisance alarms.
Organizers of Jammertest, a large-scale trial of GNSS resilience technologies, is now open to applications. Jammertest 2026 will take place Sept. 14-18 in Norway.
Application deadline is April 6.
Jammertest is an annual event held at Andøya, recognized as the largest open PNT/GNSS resilience testing event in the world. The event provides a unique opportunity to test the robustness of navigation and positioning systems.
For the fifth consecutive year, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norwegian Communications Authority, Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Norwegian Metrology Service, Norwegian Space Agency, Norwegian Mapping Authority, Avinor and Testnor will be organizing the event.
Due to high demand, there will be an application process, and selected participants will be invited to attend. Jammertest partners reserve the right to select participants based on Norwegian national interest and needs.
The application pertains to the entire organization and is not individual. This means that each organization only needs to submit one application.
To learn more about the application process, visit the Jammertest website.
Designed for BIM, indoor surveying and reality capture
CHC Navigation announced the RS7, a new handheld SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) scanning solution, unveiled at the 2026 CHCNAV Connect Partner Conference.
Built for BIM documentation, indoor surveying, renovation planning and complex spatial analysis, the CHCNAV RS7 is designed to help professionals capture high density 3D data efficiently and convert it into practical deliverables through CHCNAV’s software and cloud ecosystem.
“Customers no longer evaluate hardware in isolation. They expect an end-to-end solution that shortens the path from 3D data capture to deliverables,” said Byron Yuan, senior vice president of CHCNAV. “CHCNAV RS7 combines high performance mobile scanning with an integrated workflow to support efficient operation in complex indoor environments.”
High-density capture with multi-sensor fusion
CHCNAV RS7 integrates a next generation lidar scanner capable of measuring up to 1.15 million points per second. Its wide field of view (360° x 189°) supports comprehensive coverage of floors, walls and ceilings, helping reduce the need for repeated passes and complex capture maneuvers in tight or cluttered spaces.
RS7 also includes a high-precision inertial measurement unit with bias stability better than 0.5°/h. By combining lidar and inertial data, the system is designed to maintain stable motion estimation and consistent point-cloud quality in environments that challenge many mobile workflows, including long corridors, repetitive structures, and feature limited interiors.
Integrated field-to-office workflow with cloud processing
RS7 is supported by CHCNAV software ecosystem that covers scan setup, data review, and post processing. With integration to CHCNAV CoCloud, teams can adopt a “Cloud + Terminal” workflow for centralized management of projects and data. Field datasets can be uploaded for automated processing to generate common deliverables such as registered point clouds and mesh models.
By automating key processing steps, the workflow can reduce turnaround time and lower the technical threshold required to convert raw capture into outputs suitable for design review, documentation, and downstream CAD or BIM tasks.
High-fidelity visualization with 3D gaussian splatting outputs
Beyond geometric data, CHCNAV RS7 is designed to support realistic visualization for communication and review. It features dual 12-megapixel cameras optimized for low light capture. Using the CHCNAV HPGS 2.0 engine, the workflow supports 3D gaussian splatting (3DGS) outputs that deliver photorealistic scene rendering while retaining spatial context. These outputs can help stakeholders understand conditions on site, support progress tracking, and improve collaboration across surveying, engineering, and construction teams.
Michigan Technological University library and department of social sciences are examining 11,000 historical images of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula (Copper Country), to find precisely where a photographer stood to take the photo.
The location will provide richer information about a place’s surroundings, especially in circumstances where structures or environmental landmarks are no longer present.
The project also will transform how people search for historical images, according to Bob Cowling, the school’s geographic information system (GIS) data librarian. Searching by keyword terms relies on accurate metadata. If there isn’t good data governance from the organization managing the images, then the metadata could be missing important fields.
Donated historical images often arrive without any dates or location information attached to them., but now will be easier to find on a map, making it possible to visualize what was there in the past compared to today.
First UAE government entity to join global geospatial organization
Dubai Municipality has become the first government entity in the United Arab Emirates to join the International GNSS Services (IGS), a global organization specializing in satellite-based geospatial systems, precision surveying, and global reference frameworks.
The IGS supports optimization of GNSS, plate tectonics monitoring, and the calculation of International Terrestrial Reference Frames (ITRFs).
This recognition reflects Dubai Municipality’s continued efforts to strengthen its surveying infrastructure and geospatial capabilities to support urban development, infrastructure planning, and construction. It also underscores the municipality’s commitment to advancing research in geodesy and hydrographic mapping, developing digital navigation maps, and contributing to global knowledge-sharing in the geospatial field.
By joining IGS, Dubai Municipality gains access to the GNSS service and the international reference framework used in scientific, commercial and educational applications. The IGS brings together more than 200 research institutions, universities and agencies from more than 100 countries, offering precise satellite orbit data and enabling high-accuracy positioning and mapping.
“Dubai Municipality’s accession to the International GNSS Services represents a major milestone that reinforces the position of Dubai and the UAE as global hubs for scientific innovation and geospatial excellence,” said Maryam Al Muhairi, CEO of the Buildings Regulation and Permits Agency at Dubai Municipality. “This membership enables collaboration with more than 350 members worldwide, including major scientific organizations and international institutions specializing in navigation, climate studies, Earth dynamics, and advanced surveying applications.”
She added that the membership would contribute to the implementation of Dubai Municipality’s strategic goals by enhancing surveying operations and 3D mapping, integrating research insights into infrastructure and urban planning projects, and promoting a smarter, more sustainable construction sector. It also supports Dubai’s digital twin ecosystem and the emirate’s vision for a globally leading, high-quality urban environment.
Membership will also facilitate collaboration in a range of specialized research fields, including coordinate system referencing, tectonic plate monitoring, Earth rotation studies, navigation systems development, and climate impact modeling.
The European Space Agency (ESA) is preparing for the inaugural launch of the Celeste LEO-PNT in-orbit demonstration mission, with the first two satellites scheduled to lift off no earlier than March 24 aboard Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket from the company’s Māhia Launch Complex in New Zealand.
Celeste will play a pioneering role in elevating the future of Europe’s satellite navigation capabilities. As Europe’s first initiative for satellite navigation in low Earth orbit (LEO), the mission will be testing next-generation technologies and add new frequency bands for satellite navigation.
Celeste will demonstrate how a complementary layer flying closer to Earth can enhance Europe’s current Galileo system in medium Earth orbit (MEO), boosting the overall resilience, enhancing its performance, and opening opportunities for new service capabilities directly from LEO.
The first two satellites successfully completed their test and qualification campaign and are formally declared ready for flight. The satellites are being shipped to Rocket Lab’s launch complex in New Zealand, where they will undergo final testing and integration in the Electron rocket ahead of their launch no earlier than March 24.
Similarly to the early stages of the Galileo programme, Celeste will begin with two demonstrator satellites to secure the assigned frequency filings and to test representative navigation signals until the end of the year.
The two satellites consist of two large CubeSats (12U and 16U respectively), both developed by two consortia composed of a wide set of European players, one led by GMV (Spain) and the other led by Thales Alenia Space (France).
Together, they will enable in-orbit testing of next-generation technologies, including autonomous precise orbit determination without reliance on ground infrastructure, as well as stronger and faster radionavigation signals in L- and S-band from low Earth orbit.
Over the past months, both satellites successfully completed payload integration, radio-frequency compatibility tests, and environmental qualification, including thermal vacuum, mechanical and electromagnetic compatibility testing.
The Cubesat, built by Thales Alenia Space, being integrated. (Credit: Thales Alenia Space)
More satellites to follow
Eight larger satellites with additional capabilities are under development, with GMV and Thales Alenia Space each responsible for four of them. Design and development are progressing steadily, with an opportunity for subsequent launches from 2027 onwards.
The eight satellites will build on the work of the first two satellites and demonstrate radionavigation with additional novel signals and new frequency bands:
S-band two-way navigation signals, for advanced positioning capabilities using 5G satellite waveforms.
C-band signals, for additional resilience against jamming and interference.
UHF-band signals, for enhanced penetration and in-door positioning.
“On top of the eight satellites, an additional one will include a payload to test miniaturised atomic clocks on board, along with other technologies,” said Roberto Prieto-Cerdeira, ESA’s Celeste project manager.
Once fully completed at an orbit between 500 and 560 km, the demonstrator mission will offer an ideal in-orbit testbench for a broad variety of downstream applications, such as autonomous vehicles, maritime navigation, critical infrastructure, polar and arctic operations, wireless networks, emergency services, asset tracking and Internet-of-Things applications.
“By carrying out these experimentation and demonstration activities in orbit, we are opening a platform where ESA can work hand-in-hand with end-user communities and stakeholders to demonstrate innovative technologies in satellite navigation, push boundaries and demonstrate services in conditions that mirror the real world,” added Roberto.
ESA is offering interested third parties from ESA Participating States the opportunity to participate in the experimentation phase of the Celeste in-orbit demonstrator. More information is available on ESA’s Open Space Innovation Platform.
Following Celeste’s in-orbit demonstration, Celeste’s in-orbit preparatory phase, approved at ESA’s Ministerial Council in November 2025 (CM25), will focus on technology development, industrialisation and in-orbit validation, preparing for a potential operational system as part of the European Union GNSS infrastructure together with Galileo and EGNOS, also supporting potential commercial initiatives.
