Japan’s Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) CLAS received a major enhancement on Nov. 30. QZSS CLAS (centimeter-level augmentation service) is the satellite-based nationwide open PPP-RTK service in Japan, providing centimeter positioning accuracy within one minute.
With the introduction of a new, highly efficient atmospheric correction message, the number of available satellites will be increased to 17 for those using CLAS. GPS, Galileo and QZS satellites in view will be corrected by the QZS L6 signal.
“The performance is expected be improved considerably, especially in urban areas,” said Rui Hirokawa, the deputy general manager, Space Systems Department of Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kamakura Works, in an email to GPS World.
Compact SSR — a highly efficient RTCM-compatible open specification for PPP/PPP-RTK — is applied to QZS CLAS. Compact SSR is accepted as a PPP-RTK standard in the 3GPP LTE positioning protocol (LPP) and the mobile communication standard for LTE/5G, with plans for it to be applied to the Galileo High-Accuracy Service (HAS).
Since July 1, CLAS has been broadcasting a trial signal compliant with IS-QZSS-L6-003 using the L6D signal of QZS-3, which increases the number of augmented satellites to a maximum of 17 for more stable positioning accuracy.
On Nov. 30 (JST), the official broadcast of the augmentation information began from all four QZS satellites (QZS-1, 2, 3 and 4).
To continue using CLAS after Nov. 30, it may be necessary to update the receiver’s F/W to comply with IS-QZSS-L6-003. Please contact the manufacturer of the CLAS receiver for further information. Read more in this National Space Policy Secretariat notice.
Septentrio and CORE partner up to develop a GPS/GNSS receiver which will make use of Japan’s Centimeter-Level Augmentation Service (CLAS). CLAS corrections are broadcast directly via QZSS constellation to enable high-accuracy positioning across Japan.
Septentrio, a designer and manufacturer of high-precision GNSS technology, and CORE, a Japanese system integrator with extensive experience in GNSS, are jointly developing a receiver that can use the Centimeter-Level Augmentation Service (CLAS) of Japan’s Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS).
Septentrio’s multi-frequency GPS/GNSS receiver AsteRx4 will be used as a platform for the development of CLAS functionality. Septentrio receivers already track the L6 signal and can use QZSS for increased positioning availability and reliability.
CORE’s know-how will be instrumental for the deployment of CLAS on Septentrio receivers. The two companies are planning to launch their CLAS-enabled receiver in January 2020.
Japan’s CLAS is a self-augmentation GNSS correction service. Without the need for a ground link, it allows real-time kinematic (RTK) centimeter-level positioning all over Japan with convergence times of less than a minute.
It does this by broadcasting GNSS corrections directly via QZSS satellites, also known as Michibiki. These corrections are generated from the dense network of reference stations operated by Japan’s Geospatial Authority.
The two companies have also entered into a distribution contract that allows CORE to sell Septentrio high-precision positioning technology, including CLAS-capable GNSS receivers, in the Japanese market.
The new CLAS-enabled receiver will also incorporate Septentrio’s Advanced Interference Mitigation (AIM+) technology. In busy urban environments electromagnetic waves can interfere with GPS and GNSS signals.
AIM+ offers protection against such interference resulting in faster set-up times and robust continuous operation.
“QZSS Centimeter Level Augmentation Service has been limited to evaluation phase up till now. Realizing CLAS on Septentrio’s multifunctional, high-quality, cost-competitive platform allows our customers to finally use QZSS in their applications,” emphasized Takahiro Yamamoto, Director of GNSS Solution Development Center at CORE Corporation. “Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) is expected to start in 2020, so the demand for high accuracy GNSS receivers is also expected to increase. By complementing CORE’s QZSS technology and Septentrio’s Galileo technology, we can provide competitive products to global customers.”
“CLAS is a first-of-its-kind service which will contribute to the proliferation of high accuracy GNSS applications in Japan. Europe is also taking similar initiatives with their Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS),” commented Neil Vancans, Director of Global Sales at Septentrio. “We are excited to enter into an agreement with CORE to enable the support of CLAS on our receivers. CORE’s expertise allows us to get the best out of CLAS and to follow new developments in QZSS evolution. Moreover, CORE’s expertise in system integration will allow us to tackle new markets in Japan.”
Services of the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) officially started on Nov. 1, according to a statement from Japan’s National Space Policy Secretariat, Cabinet Office.
Government and industry hope the turn-on will generate new services worth nearly 5 trillion yen ($44.4 billion) by 2025 as players like SoftBank Group, Mitsubishi Electric and Hitachi plan applications in automated driving, farming and more.
“Our lifestyles would be impossible without GPS,” Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said at initialization ceremony marking the start of the service. The Michibiki satellite constellation, known officially as QZSS, would let Japan turn “a new page in history,” he continued.
The system keeps at least one of the current four Michibiki satellites over Japan at all times, offering an advantage over GPS-only services with a precise bird’s-eye view uninterrupted by mountains or tall buildings. With special receivers, the satellites can narrow margins of error to 10 centimeters.
The signal is free for anyone with a device capable of receiving the signal.
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe delivers a congratulatory address as QZSS is officially launched. (Photo: Japan Cabinet Public Relations Office)
Japan’s cabinet and other government bodies have invested 120 billion yen in QZSS. Expectations are particularly strong for applications in the rapidly advancing field of automated driving, with some businesses estimating the market for positioning services in that field alone at roughly 500 billion yen.
QZSS offers lane-level positioning capability, is a key step towards auto autonomy.
Michibiki means guidance in Japanese. In his remarks, Abe said the satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) “will guide us to Society 5.0, the society of the future. There are high hopes for the ever greater use of this satellite system in a wide range of fields. The government aims to expand the system to a seven-satellite constellation by FY2023, with the goal of achieving an even more stable positioning service.
“More than 10 years have passed since its conception. I am sure that taking on this challenge, the first of its kind in the world, must have required much hard work. I would like to express my utmost respect for the efforts of the engineers responsible for the development and all those involved with this project.
“To what degree will the ‘Michibiki’ change our lives? I hope to follow its progress with great excitement, together with you all.”
According to IAIN, all submitted abstracts will be reviewed by the Science Program Committee.
The abstracts must be submitted online, and authors can submit more than one abstract. The abstracts may be submitted as an oral or poster presentation and must be written in English, IAIN adds. Selected abstracts will be published in the program book.
IAIN World Congress 2018 will be hosted by the Japan Institute of Navigation and will focus on science, technology and practice in regard to resilient navigation.
IAIN is a non-governmental, non-profit organization that works to unite national and multinational institutes and organizations that aim to foster human activities at sea, in the air, in space and on land.
By Peter Steigenberger, Steffen Thoelert, André Hauschild, Oliver Montenbruck and Richard B. Langley
INNOVATION INSIGHTS with Richard Langley
POP QUIZ: What is the most populous metropolitan area in the world? According to Wikipedia, it is Tokyo. In fact, Japan has three cities in the list of the 50 largest cities in the world. Not only are there a lot of people in these cities, they also have many tall and densely packed buildings. And that’s a problem for GPS and the other global navigation satellite systems.
Radio signals travel in straight lines. Well, mostly so. At very low frequencies, radio waves propagate as ground waves and can achieve long-distance propagation in the waveguide formed by the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere. At slightly higher frequencies, such as those used by AM radio, signals still travel as ground waves. However, additionally, the signals propagate upwards as skywaves. During daylight hours, the D layer of the ionosphere absorbs the skywaves, but when the D layer dissipates at night, the higher ionospheric levels can reflect skywaves back to Earth allowing long-distance reception. And communication by shortwave is virtually all by ionosphere-bounce skywaves. Above 30 MHz or so, signals normally travel along line-of-sight raypaths. The atmosphere can slightly bend the raypath, but the signals essentially travel in straight lines. Of course, that’s what makes GPS possible.
GPS works exceedingly well as long as a receiver’s antenna has a line-of-sight “view” of the satellites. Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals. In concrete canyons, for example, that may leave a receiver with fewer than four satellites in view, meaning that 3D positioning is impossible. Even if four or more satellites are visible, they may be bunched together in the sky, resulting in high dilution of precision values and potentially large position errors.
In an effort to alleviate the GPS positioning problem in both urban and mountainous areas of Japan, the Japanese government has developed the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). A constellation of three inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites and one geostationary satellite transmits GPS-compatible signals to enhance positioning availability and accuracy. The IGSO satellites have repeating figure-eight ground tracks with the satellites spending most of their one-sidereal-day orbit, centered around apogee, over the Japanese archipelago. The satellites sequentially hover in the sky near the zenith for long periods of time. The satellites also provide both standard and advanced augmentation signals.
The first, or prototype, Block I QZSS satellite was launched in 2010 and, based on the positive test results from this satellite, an additional three satellites were launched in 2017, completing a four-satellite constellation. In this month’s column, we examine the recent developments of this unique and innovative navigation system.
With the launch of two additional spacecraft in August and October 2017, the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) reached the goal of a four-satellite constellation with the first fully-operational services expected to start in 2018. Aug. 19, 2017, marked the launch of QZS-3, the first geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) QZSS satellite, while the third spacecraft in inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO), QZS-4, was subsequently launched on Oct. 10, 2017. An artist’s view of the constellation is shown in FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 1. An artist’s view of the QZSS satellites. The upper-most satellite is the geostationary QZS-3 spacecraft with the additional S-band dish antenna whereas the other satellites pictured are the inclined geosynchronous satellites. (Image: Mitsubishi Electric)
Table 1 lists the four satellites of the current QZSS constellation. Whereas the first generation Block I satellite QZS-1 was launched in 2010, the three Block II satellites joined the constellation in 2017.
Table 1. QZSS constellation as of December 2017. SVN: space vehicle number, PRN: pseudorandom noise (code number), IGSO: inclined geosynchronous orbit, GEO: geostationary Earth orbit.
The most obvious visual difference between the QZSS Block I and II satellites is the different number of subpanels for the solar arrays: three for the Block I satellite and two for the Block II satellites with spanned widths of 25.3 meters and 19.0 meters, respectively. The reduced size of the Block II array has been achieved through the use of new, high-efficiency solar cells. The GEO satellite in addition carries S- and Ku-band antennas with diameters of 3.2 meters and 1.0 meter, respectively. While the IGSO satellites are equipped with a helix antenna array for transmission of the main L-band navigation signals, the GEO satellite uses a patch antenna array similar to that of the Galileo satellites.
The ground tracks of the four QZSS satellites are plotted in FIGURE 2. The ground tracks of all of the IGSO satellites have the characteristic figure-eight shape due to the large orbit eccentricity of 0.075 and results in a longer visibility period for users in the northern hemisphere. The ground tracks do not precisely match, however. QZS-1 and QZS-4 have similar orbit inclinations (with respect to the equator) of 40.9° and 40.5°. QZS-2, on the other hand, has a larger inclination of 44.5°, which leads to a wider extension of the ground track in the north-south direction.
FIGURE 2. Ground tracks of the four-satellite QZSS constellation as of Dec. 4, 2017. The blue square indicates the sub-satellite point of the geostationary QZS-3 satellite. (Image: Authors)
Also, the central longitude of the ground tracks, which marks the center of the figure-eight shape, varies between 130° and 140° E. These differences are still within the tolerances defined in the QZSS Interface Specification, version 1.8 of Oct. 3, 2016, which specifies the inclination to be 43° ± 4° and the central longitude of the ground track to be 135° ± 5° E. The GEO satellite QZS-3 is located at 127° E and has been controlled to stay within a 0.1° inclination window since achieving its initial orbit.
All QZSS satellites transmit navigation signals in the L1, L2 and L5 bands compatible with GPS, namely L1 C/A, L1C, L2C and L5 (the Positioning, Navigation and Timing or PNT service). QZSS-specific signals are transmitted in the L1, L5 and L6 bands: the Sub-meter Level Augmentation Service or SLAS (formerly, Submeter-class Augmentation with Integrity Function or SAIF) signals for all satellites on L1 and, in addition, on L5 for Block II satellites (see TABLE 2).
Table 2. QZSS signals. The L2C and CLAS signals use interleaved bit streams for concurrent transmission of two independent ranging sequences. The L1S signal consists of SLAS, a message service, and L1Sb, an SBAS signal. (Based on Table 11.2 in the Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems).
Starting in 2020, the GEO satellite will also provide a satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) signal called L1Sb with range corrections and integrity information for aviation applications in particular. The SLAS and SBAS signals are transmitted via dedicated antennas but they are phase coherent with the GPS-compatible navigation signals transmitted via the main L-band antenna. The L6 signal provides the Centimeter Level Augmentation Service or CLAS (formerly, the L-band Experiment or LEX) on all QZSS satellites, but employs a different signal structure for Block I (L61) and Block II (L62). An overview of the various L-band signals and corresponding PRN assignments is given in TABLE 3. QZS-3 also provides the QZSS Safety Confirmation Service (Q-ANPI) to support rescue operations with S-band communication in case of a disaster. The total transmit power is 500 watts for the Block II IGSO satellites and 550 watts for the GEO satellite.
Table 3. PRN code assignment of QZSS satellites according to the interface specifications (see Further Reading). RINEX: PRN code in RINEX observation files; NAV: PRN code for L1 C/A, L1C, L2C and L5 navigation signals; NSTD: non-standard codes of IGSO/GEO satellites.
QZS-3/4 SIGNAL TRANSMISSION
Tracking of the QZS-3 L1 C/A and L5 signals by receivers in the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt or DLR) and International GNSS Service networks started on Sept. 10, 2017, at 09:04 UTC followed by the L1C and L2C signals at 09:27 UTC. L5 tracking started with a very low carrier-to-noise-density ratio (C/N0) of 10 – 20 dB-Hz that increased to 50 – 55 dB-Hz shortly after the activation of the L1C and L2C signals. QZS-3 broadcast ephemerides were first transmitted on Oct. 4, 2017, at 16:00 UTC. However, tracking of the L1, L2 and L5 navigation signals with common geodetic receivers is currently limited to receivers with experimental firmware versions developed by three different manufacturers.
Signal transmissions from QZS-4 started on Nov. 1, 2017. The first L1 C/A signals of PRN J03 were received at 02:50 UTC. At the same time, L5 signal transmission started but this signal was only tracked by a very limited number of receivers due to its low signal strength resulting in a C/N0 of only about 15 dB-Hz. At 03:14 UTC, an increase of the C/N0 by about 40 dB occurred and many additional receivers started tracking the L5 signal. At the same time, the L1C and L2C signals were also activated followed by the L1 SLAS signal at 03:20 UTC.
It is interesting to note that QZS-4 also transmitted the non-standard code J06 on different frequencies during its first weeks of operation. This code cannot be used for positioning and is used for test purposes or in case of system errors. Until Nov. 27, 2017, QZS-4 regularly switched between transmission of standard and non-standard codes. An example of such a switch for the station UNX200AUS located in Sydney, Australia, is shown in FIGURE 3. During this test period, several outages of individual or all navigation signals also occurred. Since Nov. 24, 2017, 5:00 UTC, broadcast ephemerides of QZS-4 have been available and transmission of the L5 SLAS signal started at 09:31 UTC.
FIGURE 3. QZS-4 signals tracked by DLR’s JAVAD Delta-3TH receiver in Sydney, Australia. The top plot shows the standard code PRN J03 and the bottom plot the non-standard code J06. The measured C/N0 is shown for L1 C/A (black), L1C (blue), L2C (red) and L5 (green). (Image: Authors)
FIGURE 4 shows the L-band normalized power spectra of QZS-2 and QZS-4. The spectra were obtained from in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) data recorded with DLR’s 30-meter high-gain antenna in Weilheim, Germany. Almost identical characteristics can be seen for the signals of both satellites in the L1, L2 and L6 bands. However, in the L5 band, QZS-4 shows a slightly lower power than that of QZS-2 due to the lack of the L5 SLAS transmission during the data recording. Unfortunately, QZS-3 is not visible from Weilheim due to a longitude difference of more than 115°.
FIGURE 4. Normalized power spectra of QZS-2 and QZS-4 measured with DLR’s 30-meter high-gain antenna on July 18, 2017, and Nov. 7, 2017, respectively. (Image: Authors)
ATTITUDE
Usually, QZS-2 and QZS-4 follow a nominal yaw steering attitude with the spacecraft z-axis pointing towards the Earth and the y-axis (solar panel axis) oriented perpendicular to the plane defined by the locations of the satellite, the Sun, and the Earth. The maximum yaw rate of these satellites is limited to 0.055° per second and can be exceeded by the nominal yaw rate when the angle of the Sun with respect to the orbital plane (the beta angle, β) is between -5° and +5°. During orbit control maneuvers, the QZSS Block II IGSO satellites are operated in orbit normal mode with the z-axis pointing to the Earth and the y-axis perpendicular to the orbital plane. The geostationary QZS-3 satellite is continuously operated in orbit normal model while QZS-1 enters orbit normal mode for |β| < 20°.
Detailed information about the different attitude rules as well as spacecraft reference frame, mass, center of mass, phase center offsets and variations of the navigation antenna, laser retroreflector offsets, satellite group delays as well as the total transmit power of all four satellites is provided by the Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, in the QZSS satellite information documents.
Since all QZSS satellites are equipped with a separate L1 SLAS transmit antenna, which is mounted with an offset to the main L-band antenna, each satellite’s attitude can be directly estimated from single-difference carrier-phase observations between the two spacecraft antennas.
FIGURE 5 illustrates the attitude of QZS-4 estimated from L1 C/A and L1 SLAS observations from 10 tracking stations as well as the nominal yaw steering attitude. QZS-4 had a beta angle of about 11° on Dec. 9, 2017, confirming that this satellite does not enter orbit normal mode for |β| < 20° as does QZS-1. Differences between nominal yaw steering attitude and estimated attitude are usually within ±1.5° reflecting estimation errors as well as differences between nominal and true attitude.
FIGURE 5. Nominal yaw steering attitude (blue) and estimated attitude (red) of QZS-4 for Dec. 9, 2017 (β ≈ 11°). (Image: Authors)
CLOCK PERFORMANCE
The clock stability represented by the modified Allan deviation is given in the upper panel of FIGURE 6 for the QZSS IGSO satellites. The QZSS Block II IGSO satellites show an almost identical stability for integration periods up to 100 seconds. For longer periods, the QZS-2 clock seems to perform slightly better.
However, this effect is probably related to the number of stations contributing to the clock solutions of the individual satellites which differs by a factor of more than two. For comparison purposes, the Allan deviation of two Galileo rubidium clocks (GAL-101 and GAL-204) and a Galileo passive hydrogen maser (PHM, GAL-207) are plotted in the bottom panel of Figure 6.
Whereas the performance of the QZSS and Galileo rubidium clocks is very similar, the Galileo PHM is more stable by a factor of two to five over all integration periods.
FIGURE 6. Modified Allan deviations of the QZSS IGSO rubidium clocks, Galileo rubidium clocks (GAL-101 and GAL-204) and a Galileo passive hydrogen maser (GAL-207). (Image: Authors)
CONCLUSIONS
With the launch of the third IGSO spacecraft and the first GEO spacecraft, the QZSS constellation has reached a four-satellite configuration, which is required for the provision of operational augmentation services. QZS-3 and QZS-4 were declared useable for PNT, SLAS, and CLAS trial services on Dec. 18, 2017, and Jan. 12, 2018, respectively. Inclusion in the operational QZSS constellation is expected for 2018 and this will provide continuous visibility of three satellites in the service area. An expansion to a constellation of seven satellites is planned for 2023 including a Public Regulated Service for authorized users.
MANUFACTURERS
Data used in this article was collected using Javad GNSS Delta-G3TH, Trimble NetR9 and Septentrio PolaRx4 and PolaRx5 receivers.
Authors Peter Steigenberger, Steffen Thoelert, André Hauschild and Oliver Montenbruck are from the German Aerospace Center (DLR).
Richard B. Langley is from the University of New Brunswick and authors the monthly “Innovation” column for GPS World magazine.
FURTHER READING
• Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
“Quasi-Zenith Satellite System” part of “Regional Systems” by S. Kogure, A.S. Ganeshan and O. Montenbruck, Chapter 11 in Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems, edited by P.J.G. Teunissen and O. Montenbruck, published by Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, Switzerland, 2017.
“QZS-2 Signal Analysis, QZS-3 Launched” by S. Thoelert, A. Hauschild, P. Steigenberger, O. Montenbruck and R.B. Langley in GPS World, Vol. 28, No. 9, September 2017, pp. 10–14.
Komatsu plans to introduce NVIDIA graphics processing units (GPUs) to its SmartConstrution jobsites. The GPUs will communicate with drones from Skycatch, a Komatsu partner, which will collect 3D images, generate terrain data and “visualize” site conditions.
Komatsu is deploying the artifical intelligence (AI) project as an extension of its SmartConstruction initiative in Japan; the drone-assisted, automated equipment service was launched to alleviate the burden of the country’s severe shortage of skilled workers.
The company has deployed SmartConstruction at than 4,000 jobsites across the country, and the AI extension will be integrated into those sites.
Working with NVIDIA, OPTiM Corp. — another Komatsu partner and an internet of things management software company — will provide an application to correlate terrain data to jobsite workers and construction machines for visualization.
Enter Jetson. At the center of this collaboration is the NVIDIA Jetson artificial intelligence platform. When Jetson, which works with NVIDIA’s cloud technology, is installed in construction machines, it will be able to provide 360-degree images, enabling prompt recognition of workers and other machines nearby. The technology could potentially decrease fatalities that result from workers being struck by an object, piece of equipment or vehicle.
Jetson will also be used with the stereo cameras installed in the cabs of construction equipment, and will recognize continuously changing jobsite conditions on a real-time basis, to better provide accurate instructions to machine operators.
Future plans call for use not only for automatic control of devices, but also for high-resolution rendering and virtual simulation of construction and quarry jobsite operations.
AeroVironment Inc., a maker of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) for defense and commercial applications, has formed a joint venture to develop solar-powered high-altitude long-endurance (HALE) UAS for commercial operations.
This category of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) is also referred to as high-altitude pseudo-satellites, or HAPS.
The joint venture will fund the development program up to a net maximum value of $65,011,481.
The joint venture, HAPSMobile Inc., is a Japanese corporation that is 95 percent funded and owned by Japan-based telecommunications operator SoftBank Corp. and 5 percent funded and owned by AeroVironment.
The solar-powered Helios in flight.(Photo: NASA)
AeroVironment is committed to contribute $5 million in capital for its 5 percent ownership of the joint venture, and has an option to increase its ownership stake in HAPSMobile up to 19 percent at the same cost basis as its initial 5 percent purchase.
“This is a historic moment for AeroVironment. For many years, we have fully understood the incredible value high-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aircraft platforms could deliver to countless organizations and millions of people around the world through remote sensing and last mile, next generation IoT connectivity,” said Wahid Nawabi, AeroVironment chief executive officer.“We were searching for the right strategic partner to pursue this very large global opportunity with us.Now we believe we are extremely well-positioned to build on the decades of successful development we have performed to translate our solar UAS innovations into long-term value through HAPSMobile Inc. Our entire team is excited, and we look forward to transforming this strategic growth opportunity into reality.”
AeroVironment pioneered the concept of high-altitude solar-powered UAS in the 1980s, and developed and demonstrated multiple systems for NASA’s Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology, or ERAST program, in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
In August 2001, the AeroVironment Helios prototype reached an altitude of 96,863 feet, setting the world-record for sustained horizontal flight by a winged aircraft.
In 2002, the AeroVironment Pathfinder Plus prototype performed the world’s first UAS telecommunications demonstrations at 65,000 feet by providing high-definition television (HDTV) signals, third-generation (3G) mobile voice, video and data and high-speed internet connectivity.
Multiple U.S. government agencies funded the development of the hybrid-electric Global Observer unmanned aircraft system from 2007 through 2011. Global Observer represents a solution for extended operation over high northern and southern latitudes during local winters, when the sun’s energy is insufficient to maintain continuous solar aircraft operation at high altitude.
SoftBank Corp. and AeroVironment, Inc. have agreed to license certain background intellectual properties to HAPSMobile, which will own the newly developed UAS intellectual property and possess exclusive rights for commercial applications globally, and non-commercial applications in Japan.AeroVironment will possess exclusive rights to the resulting intellectual property for certain non-commercial applications, except in Japan.AeroVironment will also possess exclusive rights to design and manufacture all such aircraft in the future for HAPSMobile, subject to the terms of the Joint Venture Agreement.
For additional information, please see AeroVironment’s Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on Jan. 3.
NovAtel Inc. has entered an agreement with NEC Corporation to supply reference receiver products for use in the Quazi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). QZSS is Japan’s regional satellite-based augmentation system.
The NovAtel receivers to be used by QZSS are based on the company’s third-generation (G-III) family of reference receivers. Designed for integrity monitoring and reference measurement applications, the receivers track signals independently to provide precise code- and carrier-phase reference measurements as well as signal quality measurements and other integrity monitoring metrics. Housed in a 19-inch rack-mount enclosure with AC power supply and integral cooling fans, the G-III reference receivers provide continuous, reliable operation in a reference station environment, NovAtel said.
The G-III receiver platform has been customized to meet the needs of individual satellite networks. In addition to the QZSS G-III product, NovAtel supplies WAAS G-III reference receivers to the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) modernized Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) network and IRNSS G-III reference receivers for the ground control segment of the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
In the report, the analysts have identified and deciphered the market dynamics in important GNSS industry segments, highlighting the areas offering promising possibilities for companies to boost their growth, according to Research and Markets. The report studies the market by sectors including location-based services (LBS), transportation (further divided into road navigation, rail navigation, air navigation and marine navigation), surveying and agriculture. The GNSS application market is further studied by region: North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World.
The report provides a complete overview of the GNSS market globally. All the current trends and drivers, coupled with potential growth areas of the GNSS industry, have been evaluated in the report. Furthermore, the report provides information on opportunities in the industry for different companies in the chapter titled Opportunity Assessment.
Additionally, to provide an exhaustive knowledge of the prospects for GNSS players on the geographical front, the report provides comprehensive knowledge of the 10 most worthwhile GNSS markets around the world (U.S., Canada, UK, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, China, South Korea and India). It includes information about the present state and future outlook of the LBS and telematics markets in these countries along with information about their personal navigation systems such as GPS, BeiDou,Galileo, GLONASS, QZSS and IRNSS.
The report also looks into the competitive landscape covering business overviews, key financials, product analyses, recent developments and strengths and weaknesses of each of the players.
Key trends considered in the report include:
Driverless Car: New GNSS Technology Use
Indoor GNSS Positioning Poised for Growth
People, Pets and Thing Finder: The Next Attraction
GNSS Based Products: A Burgeoning Market Opportunity
Geography Paints Both Rosy and Grim Picture of the World
In the late ’80s, as a graduate student at UNC Charlotte, I was learning about “New Geography” using a cutting-edge technology called GIS (Geographic Information Systems). One of our professors coined a perfect definition of what made this New Geography different from traditional cataloging of locations and attributes. Quoting Dr. Gerald Ingalls, “Old geography dealt with the simple question: What is where? New geography, using analytical tools such as GIS, is now able to answer: Why what is where.” So knowing the quantifiable “why” hopefully gives us insight into ways to shape and mitigate geography-related problems.
It’s easy to focus on the technology aspects of GIS and forget the reason for our tradecraft. I was reminded of that reason when I recently read a book that took me back to our geospatial roots and demonstrates New Geography exceptionally well. The book, The Accidental Superpower by Peter Zeihan, effectively uses geography and analytics to explain how the world has been shaped and is evolving. In his book, Mr. Zeihan links many current geopolitical events to geography, demographics and the 1944 Bretton Woods settlement which to me is one of the clearest examples of American exceptionalism.
Bretton Woods
For those of you not familiar with Bretton Woods, it was pretty much the United States telling the rest of the world how things will be after the pending end of WWII. The U.S. had turned the tide of war, built up its own industrial power while not suffering home-front damage, and had fashioned the world’s strongest Navy. You can imagine the shock of world leaders when they learned that the U.S. was not looking for reparations or even new land other than enough to bury their dead. Instead, the U.S. was going to open its markets to the world, use its Navy to protect free trade, and even help rebuild devastated countries with programs like the Marshall Plan. All has been pretty good for the past 70 years as Bretton Woods created a global holiday from instability. However, according to Mr. Zeihan, the forces of geography, demographics and new technology will unravel Bretton Woods and slowly change the world.
The Bretton Woods Conference, 1944.
Geographic Factors in the Analysis
We all learned in high school geography that severe climates such as frigid or oppressive tropical climates stifle civilizations, while more temperate climates help civilizations advance. Those are very broad generalizations, but the world is more complex than that, and Peter Zeihan has woven detailed geography into a complex picture of the world. He cites many factors that uniquely and collectively benefit the United States but are shortcomings to a greater or lesser extent in other countries. Key factors included farmable land, rivers and coastal ports for economic trade, oil, industrial capacity, education, demographics and others. In the lottery of world geography, the U.S. has been blessed. I would add that the character of its citizens also plays a key role.
Although there are critics of some of Zeihan’s conclusions and predictions, there is no doubt that his book is an exceptionally detailed compendium of countries and the geopolitical pressures that affect them. He focuses strongly on the presence of rivers, since they provide very cheap transportation of commodities thus reducing the need for many transportation infrastructure projects. The book gets into great detail about countries that most of us can’t even point to on a world map such as Kazakhstan, Turkistan, Uzbekistan and other stans. He explains why many factors bode well for Uzbekistan, but not so much for Russia and China. He shows why Russia considers keeping Ukraine in its camp absolutely vital to its own survival.
One surprise was the case he built that Alberta, Canada, may be motivated to leave its non-supportive national government to join a more like-minded and geographically connected United States. This would completely open the U.S. market for Alberta grain and oil while providing seamless transportation throughout the U.S. Additionally, as a state, the Keystone pipeline would not fall under State Department or executive review.
Demographics
Mr. Zeihan addresses the importance of demographics using a well-known example, Japan. Low birth rates and limited immigration have placed Japan into the difficult position of supporting an increasingly older population with fewer and fewer young citizens. This inverted population pyramid is a pure numbers issue that cannot be solved quickly. He shows how many European countries are trending in the same direction on a slightly later schedule. Russia is suffering from both lower birth rates and decreased education of its population. By contrast, better birth rates and better educated immigrants are preventing an inverted pyramid here in the U.S.
Technology
Mr. Zeihan highlights technology as playing an important role in raising or lowering the importance of some geographic factors. Two in particular have snuck up on the radar: fracking and 3D printing. Who would have thought that the U.S. would be on a path to becoming the world’s largest energy producer thanks to fracking? This will obviously diminish our need for Mideast oil and have a very serious effect on small unfriendly oil producers such as Venezuela, who is already seeing a drop in sales of its relatively hard-to-refine black oil. (Note the political unrest there this week as oil revenues decline.)
I wrote about the potential impact on industry of 3D printing last year, and Peter Zeihan seems to share that opinion. As manufacturing moves closer to the consumer, jobs in China will decline, as will the need of transoceanic shipment of finished goods. The result: the U.S. will see a rebirth of local manufacturing.
Rings containing superconducting magnets will confine the plasma inside the reaction chamber. (Credit: Eric Schulzinger/Lockheed Martin)
If fracking and 3D printing are going to be significant factors, imagine what will happen to the world order if the recent announcement by Lockheed Martin that its researchers have cracked compact fusion comes to fruition. This was announced too late for inclusion in Mr. Zeihan’s book, but my guess is that he would consider it to be the quintessential game changer. It would affect many geographic factors — lower the cost of all transportation, expand industry, desalinate water cheaply, make marginal land farmable, negate the limitations of oil/gas access and do all of this while reducing pollution, increasing safety and eliminating the ability to militarize this form of nuclear power.
Conclusion
I was only able to touch on a few key points in Peter Zeihan’s book. The total picture is very complex. It was clearly well researched and logically thought through. I have only two criticisms. First, Mr. Zeihan stated that he has “always loved maps,” but this book has mediocre black-and-white maps that are less than ideal to display complex geography. It screams for decent color maps, if not in print at least as supplemental website PDFs.
Second, the book delves into significant predictions that I believe should be read with a very critical eye. There are many wild cards and personalities that can steer geopolitics. As a former analyst for the geopolitical security firm Stratfor, Mr. Zeihan worked for George Friedman, the co-author of the 1991 book The Coming War with Japan. I’m glad that didn’t come true.
I know that for many of you working in the intel community this will be very basic information and analysis that is your daily bread and butter. For the rest of us, it’s a good overview and I recommend getting this book. It will be a handy reference, if for no other reason than to sound knowledgeable at water cooler debates. However, I believe that its value is more serious than that and will prove repeatedly useful as an overarching insight as history unfolds.
The organizers of the International Symposium on GNSS (IS-GNSS 2015) are seeking paper submissions. The symposium will be held Nov. 16-19 in Kyoto, Japan.
The International Symposium on GNSS is designed to bring together experts engaged in PNT and GNSS technologies — including industry professionals, practitioners, academics and researchers — to disseminate their latest research results and allow cross-disciplinary exchange of knowledge to further advance the fields.
The program will include keynote addresses, oral presentations, interactive poster sessions, panel sessions, open interactive forums and an informative trade exhibition.
The Asia and Pacific Rim meeting of the CGIC (Civil GPS Service Interface Committee) will be co-located with ISGNSS 2015 to help improve understanding of world trends in developing and deploying GNSS.
Kyoto is the ancient capital of Japan and a top tourist destination, organizers said, with the conference scheduled during the best sightseeing season.
Registration will open April 1, along with a hotel booking page. The logistic information will be announced later.
A student scholarship is being offered to the student with the most promising paper. “If you have students, please encourage them to apply,” said Akio Yasuda, president of Institute of Positioning, Navigation and Timing of Japan.
For more information on the conference, including sponsorships and exhibits, email [email protected].
Denso Corp. began testing advanced driving support technology on a public road in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, this past June. Denso is testing automated driving scenarios in a single lane and testing automatic lane changes, as well as other driving maneuvers. Denso’s goal is to develop technologies that reduce driver workload and assist in safe driving.
Previously, Denso tested this technology on its test course in Japan. Denso’s goal with public road testing is to identify, analyze, and solve real-life problems that don’t occur on the test course.
Denso is conducting the field tests as part of activities led by the Vehicle Safety Technology Project Team to reduce traffic accidents. The project team is organized by the Aichi prefectural government and involves companies and organizations operating in the prefecture.
Denso has been developing its advanced driving assistance technology to achieve safer and more reliable driving while the driver remains in control of the vehicle. Development and commercialization of this technology will help prevent traffic accidents and contribute to increasing safety of our automotive society.
Denso Corporation, headquartered in Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan, is a global automotive supplier of advanced technology, systems and components in the areas of thermal, powertrain control, electronics and information and safety. Its customers include all the world’s major carmakers.
Testing involves automated driving on a single lane.Automatic lane changes are also being tested.
Japan’s Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) CLAS received a major enhancement on Nov. 30. QZSS CLAS (centimeter-level augmentation service) is the satellite-based nationwide open PPP-RTK service in Japan, providing centimeter positioning accuracy within one minute.
