GPS World

Tag: satellite imagery

  • Can you dig it? Space archeology, virtual reality and GIS

    By Troy Lambert, contributing author

    In Northern Idaho, not only is the Silver Valley near Kellogg one of the richest silver mining areas ever, but it is also the focus of an extensive EPA Superfund cleanup. There are more than 600 mine and prospecting sites in Shoshone County alone. So how do we sort through them and figure out where buildings were, and what sites were actually developed?

    Photo Credit: United States Forest Service, 1968
    Photo Credit: United States Forest Service, 1968

    Using aerial photography and GIS technology, historians, archaeologists and environmental scientists are able to look into the past and determine what actually occurred at individual sites. The United States Forest Service (USFS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) took aerial photographs of the entire area in 1937, 1948, 1965 and 1974. Other years, they partially photographed the area. Since then, aerial flyovers have been replaced by satellite imagery. All of this data tells environmental scientists where to look for waste materials.

    It also tells archeologists where to look for old structures and other manmade features. Because before a mine site can be cleaned up, it’s history must be documented. Between historic imagery and modern satellite coverage, this task is made simpler.

    Archaeologists all over the world are applying these same techniques, so it comes as no surprise that the 2016 TED Prize, awarded annually, went to space archaeologist Dr. Sarah Parcak of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, whose wish is to: “…discover the millions of unknown archaeological sites across the globe. By creating a 21st-century army of global explorers, we’ll find and protect the world’s hidden heritage, which contains humankind’s collective resilience and creativity,” she told the Alabama News Center.

    Photo Credit: Wikimedia
    Photo Credit: Wikimedia

    Parcak first earned international attention by satellite mapping Egypt using infrared imagery, discovering “17 potential unknown pyramids, 1,000 tombs and 3,100 settlements.” At the heart of her program is an online, citizen scientist, interactive platform that will allow anyone to discover ancient sites from space. The same information and imagery gathered over time will allow her and her teams to monitor looting.

    The program works simply: Once users take a quick tutorial, they are “dealt” a series of images from a deck with a general location like Northern Italy. The images are of a 50-meter-square area, and have already been processed to simplify the explorer’s search. The exact GPS location is encrypted similar to the way patient data privacy is preserved in Electronic Medical Records (EMR) to protect the exact location from potential looters and unethical archeological expeditions.

    All potential discoveries, once vetted, will be passed along to authorities along with the GIS data, so they can then excavate or protect the sites. This enables archaeologists not only to detect sites, but to find and stop looters in a matter of days or weeks rather than months or years.

    GIS can play a huge role in these and other archeological projects, and with the integration of virtual reality, the possibilities are even more exciting.

    Georeferencing Maps and Historical Photos

    While this is not possible with all sites, historical photos of some areas give archaeologists clues of where to start looking for more recent structures and human activity. Georeferencing ancient maps and photos or drawings where possible show what features have changed, what has remained the same, and what impact modern human activity has had on the site.

    Photo Credit: YouTube
    Photo Credit: YouTube

    “Rebuilding” Structures

    Once foundations and other evidence of structures have been found, 3D modeling software such as Esri CityEngine can be used in conjunction with photos to virtually reconstruct buildings, terrain and other features. This gives archeologists and scholars insight to how each site might have been used, and what other evidence to look for.

    Virtual Reality

    As 360-degree cameras have become more affordable and portable (with the release of several new models like the Nikon KeyMission 360), filming sites once they have been visited in this comprehensive way will allow archaeologists who are unable to physically reach the location to “look” for evidence, and offer advice and insight to those on location.

    Explorers in Parcak’s programs who make new discoveries will be able to accompany archaeologists via Periscope, Skype, Google Hangouts and social media, all of which are headed toward 3D video capability, allowing for more immersive and meaningful visits.

    Infrared photos from space allow us to see things on the ground not previously visible. Three dimensional modeling allows us to visualize structures no longer there, and 360-degree video and virtual reality allow us to visit these places from far away.

    The way we discover new things about our world and the way we explore them is changing, and much of that change is possible due to the blend of GIS and virtual reality.

    Troy Lambert is a freelance writer, editor and thriller author living in Boise Idaho. He became interested in using GIS for unique applications while at a museum, and now looks for and writes about unique ways GIS is used and can be used to change our world.

  • USGS partners with European Space Agency on Copernicus Earth data

    The Sentinel satellites developed by ESA are designed to meet the operational needs of the Copernicus program. (ESA illustration)
    The Sentinel satellites developed by ESA are designed to meet the operational needs of the Copernicus program. (ESA illustration)

    The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the European Space Agency (ESA) have established a partnership to enable USGS storage and redistribution of Earth observation data acquired by Copernicus program satellites.

    The ESA-USGS collaboration will serve scientific and commercial customers interested in the current conditions of forests, crops and water bodies across large regions and in the longer term environmental condition of the Earth. Data acquired by the European Union’s Sentinel-2A satellite launched in June 2015 are highly complementary to data acquired by USGS/NASA Landsat satellites since 1972.

    “Landsat and Sentinel data will weave together very effectively,” said Virginia Burkett, USGS Associate Director for Climate and Land Use Change. “Adding the image recurrence of two Sentinel-2 satellites to Landsats 7 and 8 will increase repeat multispectral coverage of the Earth’s land areas to every 3 to 4 days. With more frequent views of the Earth, we will significantly improve our ability to see and understand changes taking place across the global landscape.”

    The agreement is part of a broader understanding between the European Union and three U.S. federal science agencies — NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and USGS — that was signed in October 2015. All parties are committed to the principle of full, free and open access to Earth observation satellite data produced by the European Union’s Sentinel program and by the respective U.S. agencies. An ESA article further describes the cross-Atlantic collaboration.

    “Free and open access to Landsat and Sentinel-2 data together will create remarkable economic and scientific benefits for people around the globe,” said Suzette Kimball, director of the U.S. Geological Survey. “At the outset of our partnership we can only imagine the synergies between our two perspectives from space. But I’m confident that the final product of our partnership will be an enriched knowledge of our planet.”

    Sentinel data are available at no cost from the Copernicus Scientific Data Hub. Additionally, in order to expedite data delivery around the globe, users may also download both Sentinel-2 and Landsat data at no charge in a familiar digital environment from USGS access systems such as EarthExplorer.

    Right now, only selected Sentinel data are available from the USGS in an early testing phase. Timely access to all Sentinel data will follow as the procedures for data transfer, user access and data delivery continue to be optimized at the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center.

    The MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) sensor on board Sentinel 2A acquires 13 spectral bands that parallel and contrast to data acquired by the USGS Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Unlike the Sentinel-2 satellites, Landsat satellites also include a capability to collect thermal infrared data which is used in a variety of water and agricultural monitoring applications. NASA has published an online comparison of Sentinel-2A and Landsat bandwidths.

    For technical details such as data availability, geographic coverage, acquisition frequency and resolution, visit the Copernicus and Landsat websites.

    The Landsat program is a joint effort of USGS and NASA. First launched by NASA in 1972, the Landsat series of satellites has produced the longest, continuous record of Earth’s land surface as seen from space. Landsat data were made available to all users free of charge by the U.S. Department of the Interior and USGS in 2008.

  • DigitalGlobe receives $335M in commitments for satellite imagery

    DigitalGlobe has received a third customer commitment for direct access capacity on the WorldView-4 satellite, bringing the total in commitments for both WorldView-3 and WorldView-4 to $335 million. The WorldView-4 satellite will provide 30-cm imagery, the highest resolution commercially available, to international defense and intelligence customers.

    WorldView-4 is scheduled to launch in September and begin commercial operations of gathering digital imagery in early 2017. DigitalGlobe is a global provider of commercial high-resolution Earth observation and advanced geospatial solutions.

    Artist's depiction of the WorldView-4 satellite (previously named GeoEye-2). Photo: Digital Globe
    Artist’s depiction of the WorldView-4 satellite (previously named GeoEye-2). Photo: Digital Globe

    Since the end of the third quarter of 2015, DigitalGlobe has received contracts and letters of intent from international defense and intelligence customers totaling $335 million for capacity on WorldView-3 and WorldView-4, representing $38 million of incremental annual revenue starting in 2017.

    DigitalGlobe accelerated the launch of WorldView-4 to meet strong international demand for the world’s highest resolution commercial satellite imagery, and these pre-launch commitments ensure that the satellite will begin generating revenue in early 2017.

    Approximately 60 percent of this potential future revenue is under firm contract. While there is no assurance that revenue reflected in the letters of intent will turn into contracts, this has historically been the case.

    WorldView-4 revenue is expected to start to be recognized in the first quarter of 2017.

    “The fact that we have this level of commitment from multiple international customers — more than half in the form of firm contracted revenue — this far in advance of the WorldView-4 launch is unprecedented,” said Jeffrey R. Tarr, DigitalGlobe president and chief executive officer. “It is a testament to the unique value of our resolution and accuracy and our long history of performance with these customers who rely on us for the safety and security of their nations.”

    With the most advanced constellation of satellites in orbit, DigitalGlobe is investing in the best technology to meet the growing needs of its customers. The company has been upgrading the ground stations of its Direct Access Program customers to a common architecture to fulfill the demand for rapid access to the entire DigitalGlobe constellation and offer more imaging opportunities to these customers. Four of these Constellation Direct Access Facilities are now online, with a fifth ground station expected to be upgraded in the second quarter and all facilities upgraded for full constellation access by early 2017.

    “We are in discussion with many other nations interested in our high resolution, high accuracy 30 cm satellite imagery, and the launch of WorldView-4 will allow us to satisfy unmet customer demand across much of the world,” said Daniel L. Jablonsky, DigitalGlobe general counsel and general manager for International Defense & Intelligence. “The investments we are making to enhance our customers’ direct access facilities will expedite access to WorldView-4 in 2017 and allow us to provision additional access facilities with greater speed and efficiency.”

  • Aerial delivery without GPS can aid troops, relief operations

    The U.S. Army’s Joint Precision Airdrop System (JPADS) has developed a new capability with a navigation alternative to GPS.

    In recent tests, JPADS were dropped from planes, and immediately determined their location using optical sensors to compare local terrain with commercial satellite imagery. The new system demonstrated navigation to its intended point, using nothing but imagery to guide it.

    The new JPADS also works with little knowledge of the aircraft’s location at the drop point.

    JPADS, largely guided by GPS, has already proven its importance in supplying troops with necessary materials and equipment, relying less on vulnerable convoys.

    Dropping critical supplies from the air has allowed the U.S. military to rely less on easily-ambushed truck convoys and helicopter resupply. Exposure to improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and ambushed convoys resulted in more than 3,000 causalities in Afghanistan and Iraq through 2007.

    JPADS has proven to be an important tool in the Army’s logistics chain in many scenarios to supply troops with material and equipment in adverse terrain and remote locations when ground lines of communication are not possible or deemed too high a risk.

    A JPADs pallet lands on target, followed by several others still in the air, during recent testing. (Photo: US Army)
    A JPADs pallet lands on target, followed by several others still in the air, during recent testing. (Photo: US Army)

    The Army life cycle manager, Product Manager Force Sustainment Systems (PM-FSS), continues to improve the JPADS capability with technology enhancements being led by the Army’s Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), including making JPADS more robust and versatile to environment, terrain and other factors. Investments are focused on significant increased accuracy, lower cost and lower retrograde weight/volume of the reusable JPADS at all weight classes.

    The U.S. Army NSRDEC, with Draper and numerous other partners, recently began testing a new version of the JPADS guidance system that takes advantage of Draper’s technology to navigate precisely to its intended ground impact point using imagery alone, and having minimal knowledge about the aircraft’s location when the package is dropped. The accuracy is critical, as payloads that stray even slightly off course can force troops to expose themselves to enemy fire, or can tumble down mountainsides in rugged terrain, explained Chris Bessette, Draper’s JPADS program manager.

    “This is a huge step forward for aerial resupply,” Bessette said. “The guided airdrop system is keeping U.S. forces from the danger that has killed thousands of their fellow troops. By enabling the system to operate using imagery alone when dropped as high as 25,000 feet above Mean Sea Level and upwards of 20 miles away from the target depending on winds, we can ensure that JPADS is even more versatile so troops receive supplies like fuel, ammunition, food, and water in the safest manner possible.”

    Draper’s JPADS software autonomously flies the cargo-carrying parafoil to land at a user defined location, adapting in real-time to local environmental conditions, such as varying wind. The company’s work on JPADS takes advantage of its expertise in applying position, navigation, and timing algorithms to combine the outputs of precision instruments to enable highly accurate, long-duration navigation solutions.

    The recent testing demonstrated the ability to accurately navigate JPADS to a pre-selected user position, using imagery alone, with almost no information about where the package was released from the plane. During testing in Arizona, the payloads were dropped from planes, and then JPADS immediately determined their own location by comparing terrain features spotted using optical sensors with commercial satellite imagery of the area.

    The Army is also supporting Draper in developing upgrades to the vision-aided navigation system to address current limitations, including cloud cover, which degrades the system’s ability to correlate vision sensor inputs with satellite imagery.

    The military can leverage the same technology to help guide military free fall paratroopers and unmanned aerial vehicles utilizing imagery data alone, Bessette said.

  • GeoSage enhances software to analyze Landsat-8 imagery

    landsat8_ani

    GeoSage’s software tool, Spectral Transformer for Landsat-8 Imagery, has been enhanced to include new functions towards automated image feature extraction.

    The changes are built upon the existing tool, so with two button clicks, a user is able to rapidly perform image-band combinations, image stretching and image pan-sharpening, and produce colorful, detail-rich imagery composites at 30m and 15m resolutions.

    New functions include:

    • one-button click for automated NDVI calculation, with 3 types of outputs.
    • one-button click for automated extraction of surface water areas, with 3 types of outputs.
    • generic function to calculate 56 normalized difference image feature indices, with 3 types of outputs.
    • generic function to calculate 56 band ratios, with 3 types of outputs.

    The 3 types of outputs are automatically generated by the software. Each is a single-band GeoTIFF file, ready to be displayed in Windows Photo Viewer, GIS and remote sensing software, or Google Earth Pro.

    • First output: 32-bit Float data type, useful for further analyses.
    • Second output: 8-bit Byte data type, a unique colour palette is applied.
    • Third output: 8-bit Byte data type, a binary image to show classified features after a user-defined threshold is applied.

    This Landsat-8 image analysis software tool targets geospatial professionals, K-12 students, as well as the general public. It is very easy to use, productive and saves time. To test the new functions, a trial version is available. Updated software user guide and new application demos are also provided.

  • Smart cities, small imaging satellites anticipated for 2016

    Smart cities, hybrid architecture, and flocks of small imaging satellites are among the trends predicted for 2016, according to a blog by Boundless, which develops software for enterprise spatial IT applications.

    Earth imaging satellites: “Gone are the days of waiting 7-10 days for a satellite to revisit and collect a new image over a location on Earth. Today, flocks of small, inexpensive satellites are now imaging the entire earth many times each day.” Both DARPA and NASA are planning on launching more imaging satellites. Fortune magazine discusses the trend in a recent article, and a new conference is devoted to them.

    Hybrid architecture: “While open source continues to gain momentum, many organizations still leverage their investment in proprietary software and systems,” writes . “Building a hybrid platform can help an organization reduce risk and add value by avoiding single vendor lock-in, reducing costs associated with licensing, and promoting interoperability with existing software.”

    Other trends outlined by Calamito include streaming data and the Internet of Things, which is leading to “smart cities” — “cities and their governments who have maximized data collection, data mining, and data-driven analytics for the betterment of their constituents,” Calamito writes. “Forbes magazine believes ‘smart city’ is a term we are going to be hearing a lot more of in the coming years as it’s thought that by 2020 we will be spending $400 billion a year building them.”

    Read the full blog here.

    IBM is working on with the City of Boston on smart city projects too solve long-standing urban challenges. (Credit: IBM)
    IBM is working on with the City of Boston on smart city projects too solve long-standing urban challenges. (Credit: IBM)

  • Proteus Strengthens Satellite Imagery Procurement Service

    Proteus, a provider of satellite derived mapping, bathymetry and geospatial products, said it has strengthened its Professional Satellite Imagery Procurement Service by signing up as a reseller with international satellite imagery provider Airbus Defence and Space. Proteus is now an official reseller of Airbus’s satellite imagery data and value-added products.

    “We are very excited to formalise our relationship with Airbus Defence and Space,” said Proteus CEO David Critchley. “We are currently providing our clients with a successful Satellite Imagery Procurement Service, adding the large product portfolio of Airbus Defence and Space to our current catalogue of data provides our customers with even more choice of high quality product and satellite tasking services.”

    Proteus has been delivering geospatial solutions for mapping and classification projects using multispectral satellite imagery since 2011 and their experienced staff have all been working in the geospatial industry for over 15 years. Proteus’s satellite imagery projects have been delivered for environmental consultancies, oil and gas, engineering and other coastal zone applications in Europe, USA, the Middle East and Caribbean.

  • Story Map: Mapping Liquid Water on Mars

    Mars-water-map-O2

    With NASA’s announcement on Monday that liquid water has been discovered on Mars, Esri has put together an interactive story map showing the craters and canyons on Mars that show evidence of water.

    Watch animations of the recurring slope lineae (water stains) across four different craters and explore satellite imagery and elevation data for the Red Planet.

    Below is an animation from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory showing seasonal flows in Hale Crater.

  • Proteus Launches Satellite Image Procurement Service

    Emirates Palace, courtesy of DigitalGlobe, taken on November 14, 2014, by WorldView-3 satellite at a resolution of 30 cm.
    Emirates Palace, courtesy of DigitalGlobe, taken on November 14, 2014, by WorldView-3 satellite at a resolution of 30 cm.

    Proteus, a provider of satellite derived mapping and geospatial services, announces the official launch of its new professional satellite image procurement service. The service provides an approach to satellite imagery sales that is sensor agnostic, calling upon partnerships and agreements with the majority of satellite operators. Because of this, Proteus has the capability to support all imagery purchasing requirements.

    The service was developed from customer feedback when conducting imagery purchases, which indicated that the experience and knowledgeable advice provided by Proteus removed the stress and complexity they had previously experienced when attempting to complete a purchase and navigate the end-user licenses themselves.

    “These days there are many satellite imagery providers, all with a range of products, resolutions, licensing conditions and costings,” David Critchley, CEO of Proteus explained. “This can be overwhelming and time consuming for the end users. Our aim is to break down all the technical barriers and find the best coverage for your area of interest. We strive to determine the most suitable imagery at the most competitive pricing.”

    Proteus has now developed relationships with all the main satellite imagery suppliers and provide their customers with a comprehensive, sensor agnostic and personable service.

  • Fugro Expands Survey Services and Satellite Imagery Capabilities

    Fugro has extended its integrated survey services to help improve efficiency in coastal management and enable more informed decision-making. A new agreement with global specialist EOMAP enables the creation of integrated bathymetric survey products that comprise elements from Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB), Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry (ALB) and traditional acoustic survey technologies. The integrated data and product solutions will provide clients with outstanding value and unmatched coverage, Fugro said.

    “Teaming with EOMAP augments our considerable survey and satellite imagery capabilities and will allow a timely and cost-effective nearshore bathymetry review facility for clients whose own bathymetric holdings are either very old or very sparse — or both,” said Don Ventura, hydrographic business development manager at Fugro. “This service will help coastal zone management and engineering teams, environmental scientists and hydrographic agencies to focus on their immediate needs and to make more informed decisions on subsequent, efficient data acquisition and management.”

    EOMAP’s robust technology platform can process satellite images and deliver global bathymetric and benthic habitat data over the full range of temporal and spatial resolutions through its proprietary, sensor-independent Modular Inversion Processor (MIP). This both complements and augments services already provided by Fugro, to provide even more spatial data solutions to suit a wide variety of budgets and purposes.

    “We are very pleased to provide our Satellite Derived Bathymetric products and services to Fugro,” said Matthew Bergin, Vice President of Business Development at EOMAP. “We believe that this agreement will create a unique, one-stop technology resource to meet the demanding requirements of both commercial and government customers.”

  • New Esri Book Covers Aerial Imaging Basics for GIS

    EssentialEarth_medSatellites, aircraft and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) collect imagery that can be displayed and analyzed within a geographic information system (GIS) to extract important information.

    To familiarize GIS professionals and students with the advanced earth imaging technologies available today, Esri has published Essential Earth Imaging for GIS. The book is a field guide to Earth imaging, providing guidance to efficiently and effectively display, manipulate, enhance, and interpret features from an image. Essential Earth Imaging for GIS provides a basic education in remote-sensing technology, promoting the effective use of sophisticated multispectral and 3D imagery.

    Chapters introduce readers to remote-sensing methods and types of imagery as well as how to display and enhance multispectral images, process images in a GIS to improve quality, generate three-dimensional data, and visually interpret images in a GIS to extract information from them.

    The book provides hands-on experience working with imagery in Esri’s ArcGIS for Desktop and ArcGIS Online. Exercises include assigning colors in multiband images and extracting information from multispectral images by digitalizing features. Companion exercises and a free 180-day trial of ArcGIS are available by accessing the Esri Press Book Resources website.

    Essential Earth Imaging for GIS was written by Lawrence Fox III, emeritus professor of forest remote sensing and GIS at Humboldt State University in California. The book serves as a starting point for GIS professionals who want to learn the basics of imaging technology so they can incorporate it more effectively into their work, while students can use this book as a reference for introductory GIS courses that make use of image display and analysis.

    Essential Earth Imaging for GIS is available in print (ISBN: 9781589483453, 128 pages, US$59.99) or as an e-book (ISBN: 9781589484313, 128 pages, US$59.99). The book is available at online retailers worldwide, at esri.com/esripress, or by calling 1-800-447-9778. Outside the United States, visit esri.com/esripressorders for complete ordering options, or visit esri.com/distributors to contact your local Esri distributor. Interested retailers can contact Esri Press book distributor Ingram Publisher Services.

    Esri Press publishes books on GIS, cartography, and related topics. The complete selection of GIS titles from Esri Press can be found on the web at esri.com/esripress.

  • Esri UC: LizardTech Launches GeoExpress 9.5

    LizardTech, a provider of software solutions for managing and distributing geospatial content, launched GeoExpress 9.5 at this week’s Esri International User Conference. The conference is taking place in San Diego, Calif., and LizardTech is exhibiting in booth number 2310.

    GeoExpress enables geospatial professionals to compress and manipulate satellite and aerial imagery. In addition to compressing raster data, GeoExpress 9.5 now features the ability to natively compress LiDAR data to MrSID and LAZ formats, saving up to 75 percent on storage space.

    GeoExpress 9.5 also includes batch color balancing, multipolygon cropping and exporting images to custom dimensions and tiles. Esri UC attendees can see demonstrations of the new features of GeoExpress 9.5 at booth 2310.

    “The launch of GeoExpress 9.5 is particularly exciting because of the many benefits this latest version brings not only to our raster image collection customers, but also LiDAR data collection customers,” said Jeff Young, LizardTech global business development manager. “GeoExpress 9.5 is now your one-stop shop to compress raster and LiDAR imagery to MrSID and LAZ formats.”

    LizardTech will also showcase the rest of the company’s line of geospatial products: Express Server software for high-performance delivery and publication; LiDAR Compressor software, which turns giant point cloud datasets into efficient MrSID files; and the recently updated GeoViewer software, which a fast way to view MrSID and JPEG 2000 imagery.