Spurious signals in the Black Sea have repeatedly placed seagoing vessels, according to their navigation systems, on the site of an airport hundreds of miles from their true positions.
The incidents were reported in the August and October issues of this magazine, and in Mike Jones’ Defense PNT e-newsletter column for October. Experts initially concluded the problems probably indicated a spoofing attack in the area.
Satellite image of the Black Sea.
A reader of the Defense PNT e-newsletter commented, “We have been following this case for quite some time now. We track all merchant vessels worldwide on the basis of Automatic Identification System (AIS), 24/7. The AIS transponder uses the GPS receiver for its position report.”
Our correspondent is the director of a company that offers server- and web-based tools that can be incorporated in GIS and asset tracking and tracing systems.
“The ‘spoofing’ is still going on,” he continued. “Even today ships were placed on the airport runway. In total, over 600 vessels were placed on the runway since early June. Our preliminary conclusion is that the ‘spoofing’ is probably not done on purpose. The most likely cause of this spoofing is a GPS re-radiator transmitter located in the hanger close to the end of the runway. This device is used for testing GPS when planes are placed inside the hanger. So, line-of-sight interference?”
The comment drew the immediate interest of security consultants who continue their investigations.
Baltic Incidents. Meanwhile, the Washington Post reported that a disruption of Latvia’s cellular network and emergency-services hotline may have resulted from a test of Russia’s electronic-warfare capabilities.
A 16-hour outage in October occurred at the time of major Russian military exercises. If substantiated, this could reveal electronic-warfare assets with capacity to disrupt civilian communications remotely. Such a tool could severely hamper authorities’ ability to organize a quick civilian response in case of war.
“Because of maneuver warfare’s reliance on communication, Russia has invested heavily in electronic warfare systems which are capable of shutting down communications and signals across a broad spectrum,” stated a December 2016 publication by the U.S. Army’s Asymmetric Warfare Group. “The Russians layer these systems to shut down FM, SATCOM [satellite communication], cellular, GPS and other signals.”
It is a beautiful, crisp afternoon, the last of the summer, as I write and as we prepare for next week’s ION GNSS+ conference, where GPS World and sponsors Harris Corporation, Rockwell Collins and Spirent Federal Systems will host the 2017 Leadership Dinner and confer this year’s Leadership Awards in Satellites, Signals, Services and Products.
The engraved glass awards nestle snug in their boxes beside me, the names upon them known only by a few.
However, as you read this, it is early October — and hopefully another beautiful crisp afternoon among autumn’s best — and those glass awards are safe at home with their new owners. Their names are known by all 125 Leadership Dinner attendees, and now by you as well. We will publish their spoken remarks in the December issue. Here now are the basic details.
The voting ballot for the awards was assembled by polling a group of roughly 25 industry VIPs for their nominations, and that same group plus another 40 voted for the final recipients.
The 2017 Leadership Award for Satellites went to Wolfgang Paetsch, director of Navigation for OHB, primarily responsible for the space projects that the company executes for the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Union. He was nominated for his leadership in setting up the routine production of the Galileo satellites leading to Galileo constellation deployment, including the quadruple Ariane 5 launch in November 2016. As one voter remarked as he cast his ballot, “The quadruple launch capability is a key enabler for the future.”
The Leadership Award for Signals was conferred upon Christopher Hegarty, director for Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Engineering and Spectrum at The MITRE Corporation, for contributions to the Department of Transportation’s GPS Adjacent Band Compatibility Assessment. Said Compatibility Assessment has been a long and winding road, and has required several sure hands, Chris’ among them, to guide it. We hope to publish something on its outcomes soon.
The Leadership Award for Services was given to Patricia Doherty, director and senior scientist at the Institute for Scientific Research at Boston College, for initiating and leading the Africa GNSS Outreach program since 2009. The program’s mission is to help developing countries derive social and economic benefits from satellite-based positioning, navigation and timing. Each year, around 50 graduate students and faculty from African and other countries attend these GNSS workshops. The faculty reads like a Who’s Who of satnav scientists and teachers, testifying to both Doherty’s formidable recruiting talents and the dedication of this community to knowledge-sharing around the world.
2017 GPS World Leadership Awards.
The Leadership Award for Products was a tri-partite affair, going to colleagues Charles Abraham and Andreas Warloe, vice president of Engineering and senior director of GPS Engineering, respectively, at Broadcom. As the chief designer and the architect of the first dual-frequency L1/L5 E1/E5 GNSS chip for smartphones, they are helping to usher in a new era of high-precision GNSS in mass-market products. See this article for more details on the just-launched product.
The two shared the award with Javier de Salas, director of Software Engineering at Broadcom, for leadership in establishing Galileo-ready receiver products.
A good time was had by all at the Leadership Dinner, which also included the PNT Powerplay Puzzle and Pig-in-a-Poke Live Auction. Details in December!
In a technical report titled GPS Vulnerability released Sept. 15, the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Standards (ATIS) renewed its call for an eLoran system to support telecom and other critical infrastructure in the United States.
As part of its “Recommendations to Assure Time for Telecom” the report says:
“An eLoran system (or equivalent) should be developed and implemented in the U.S. to provide a near-term alternative to GPS for the telecom system and other critical infrastructure. The physical and cyber security of eLoran transmission stations should be a consideration in their operation.”
ATIS termed its report “a major resource to help better understand and address a formidable telecommunications industry challenge: the vulnerabilities in the Global Positioning System (GPS).”
Requirements for precise time delivery have driven the industry toward the increased use of GPS and GPS-dependent technologies, it says. Yet this dependency has left the industry vulnerable to disruptions and manipulations of the GPS signal.
GPS Vulnerability (ATIS-0900005) provides insight into the sources of the most common problems with GPS and their impacts. The report also covers several mature proposed solutions that would satisfy telecommunications sector timing requirements.
“GPS disruptions have economic, financial and service impacts to carrier network operators, suppliers, cellular services as well as adjacent industries and government agencies that depend on a functioning wireless communications sector,” said ATIS President and CEO Susan Miller. “We believe that our report on this topic will contribute to solutions to help secure the delivery of time — a function critical to many sectors in our economy.”
Known vulnerabilities to deliver GPS time to a system include environmental phenomena, malicious interference and spoofing, incidental interference, adjacent band interference, poor antenna installations and rare but present GPS segment errors.
GPS Vulnerability discusses techniques to address these vulnerabilities as well as alternatives to GPS timing, with the goal of mitigating GPS vulnerabilities for the timing receivers used in the critical infrastructure.
Alternatives covered in the report include Navigational Message Authentication on modernized GPS civil signals, atomic clock time holdover, sync over fiber, eLoran, WWVB, terrestrial beacons and more.
Putin shows taste for spoofing
For several days in June, more than 20 ships reported problems with GPS reception in the Black Sea (see Expert Opinion column, August GPS World). Experts concluded the problems were probably the result of a spoofing attack in the area.
Norwegian journalist Henrik Lied of NRKbeta compared this with accounts of similar episodes near the Kremlin complex in Moscow, where tourists have reported their smartphones showing them at an airport outside the city.
Lied interviewed University of Texas professor Todd Humphreys about his theory that this is an effort to keep drones from flying in the area: “Several of us [researchers in GNSS] have concluded the Kremlin spoofing was likely trying to trigger UAV geo-fencing, which prevents UAVs from flying near airports,” Humphreys said.
A Moscow correspondent for the Norwegian Broadcasting Company reports that these GPS problems only tend to occur when President Vladimir Putin is in town.
Several of the ships spoofed in the Black Sea were sailing in the vicinity of the Russian premier’s Black Sea vacation home. Putin was actually in the area when the incidents occurred. This may indicate that Russian authorities are spoofing wherever the Russian president is located.
Humphreys said, “It’s long been assumed that Russia, China and other nations (including the U.S.) have the technology to carry out a spoofing attack. What’s surprising is Russia’s willingness to use it openly and somewhat indiscriminately. It does fit nicely into what has been called Russian disinformation technology.”
In Portland, Oregon, and in Berlin, Germany, the two largest and most important international conferences on GPS, GNSS, PNT, survey, mapping and geodesy take place this year on exactly the same dates — just 5,177 miles apart. Now that’s bad timing. Our strategy is to divide our forces and send key personnel to interact with industry leaders at each gathering — to bring you the news and developing stories you need to keep on the forefront of change.
If you’re at ION GNSS+ or Intergeo, look for these faces, come up and introduce yourselves. We want to talk with you! If you’re not fortunate enough to attend either conference, look to our website, newsletters and this magazine for product launches, videos and in-depth stories filed from the developing frontiers of PNT. We’ll be reporting !!Live!! and for weeks, even months, to come.
Attending Intergeo in Berlin:
Burch
Barwacz
Joyce
Gerard
Tim Burch is our survey editor; in his day job he’s a professional surveyor and board of directors secretary of that profession’s national society.
Allison Barwacz is digital media content producer for North Coast Media (NCM, that’s us) with a passion for videography and writing.
Mike Joyce and Ryan Gerard, senior account manager and account manager, respectively, work closely with our marketing partners, who make this magazine and multi-media communications channel possible.
Attending ION GNSS+ in Portland:
Stoltman
Whitford
Mitchell
Cozzens
Harms
Sabau
Limpert
Cameron
Langley
Kevin Stoltman is founder and president of NCM, with a distinguished career in business-to-business publishing.
Marty Whitford is editorial director and publisher; earlier, he actually worked at GPS World and attended ION-GNSS 2004.
Michelle Mitchell is account manager for GPS World and senior marketing and event manager for NCM. She knows the GPS industry landscape and players extremely well.
Tracy Cozzens is our managing editor, with her hands on all the controls.
Joelle Harms is an award-winning digital media manager, focused on content planning and creation.
Joe Sabau is an account manager with a keen eye for market trends.
Kelly Limpert is a digital media content producer developing a strong online and social media presence for all of our partners.
Richard Langley is GPS World’s innovation editor and a professor at the University of New Brunswick.
Jeff Fagerman, a professional surveyor and certified photogrammetrist, has joined the panel of speakers on the Aug. 31 webinar, “Integrated Technologies for Industrial Positioning.” The webinar is free (register here) and focuses on applications in the electric utility/telecom sector, such as site inspections, drones and geographic information systems (GIS) mapping in general. Participants will learn how to maximize reach and capabilities using various sensors and technologies integrated with GPS aboard unmanned autonomous vehicle (UAV) platforms.
Also joining the panel for the Aug. 31 webinar is Chris Lund from Honeywell Corporation. He will focus on inertial sensors as the centerpiece of any robust industrial positioning solution. Given they can’t be interfered with, inertial sensors are the glue that binds the information from all the other sensors together to reveal the desired insights and maximize operator uptime/efficiency.
Fagerman is founder and owner of Lidar USA. He holds a Master’s degree in photogrammetry from Purdue University. During his tenure with Intergraph from 1985 to 1999, he worked as a photogrammetric software developer on that company’s innovative photogrammetric workstations. In 1999, he started Fagerman Technologies, now known as Lidar USA. In 2010, the main corporate focus became mobile lidar aboard UAVs.
Chris Lund, Honeywell
Chris Lund is a senior director of product marketing for Honeywell’s Navigation and Sensor business. He has experience running product lines for inertial measurement units as well as for surface and marine navigators. Previously, he had engineering roles as a researcher, project lead and technical manager. Lund has an M.S. in the management of technology. He has been working on navigation-related technologies since the late 90s, holds multiple patents, and has co-authored several conference papers and presentations.
Lidar USA provides solutions for GIS, surveying, civil engineering, agriculture, forensics, BIM, heritage mapping — all things 3D and beyond. In addition to UAV-based mapping and surveying, the company has developed ground—based lidar, building an economical mobile mapping system called ScanLook, incorporating scanning, imaging, and navigation. The company has provided client services in survey/mapping, agriculture, law enforcement, military, archaeology, and education.
Derrick Reish, Laser Technology, Inc.
Laser Technology Inc. (LTI) started working with the US government more than 30 years ago by designing lasers that measured distances between two planes in-flight for a de-icing exercise. The company then won a contract with NASA to build a custom laser that could measure both distances and speeds for space docking missions. Its first professional measurement device was a hand-held reflector-less total station launched the GPS laser offset sector. LTI addresses real world needs and applications, including forestry, mining, utilities and surveying, among others. The company focuses on facilitating data collection and GPS/GNSS mapping for professionals, with innovative solutions aboard Android and UAV platforms.
Register here for the free August 31 webinar. A final speaker expert in aerial photography will be announced soon.
In the July and August issues of the magazine, the “Out in Front” editorials held forth on the perfection or lack thereof in the GPS signal and service.
Now it’s your turn!
Give us your opinion at gpsworld.com/17augustpolland we’ll publish the results in the September issue. And you’ll gain entry to a random drawing for a $50 gift card.
The question is: How close to perfect is GPS performance?
And your choices are:
Absolutely perfect. 100 percent.
Nearly perfect. The space segment functions flawlessly. The only problems are with jamming and user equipment.
Almost nearly perfect. There have been a few hiccups in space, then there’s jamming, and user equipment weaknesses.
Not nearly close enough to perfect — but pretty good. The (admittedly rare) operator miscue, jamming, spoofing, and other exploitable user equipment weaknesses.
Fair, but a long way to go. All the above cited problems, plus lack of signal reception under canopy, urban canyons, indoors.
Not a passing grade. But it’s the best I have, so I grit my teeth and use it.
Pretty poor if you ask me. It just does not meet my requirements.
Other (please specify)
For background and two different views on the controversy engendered by a U.S. Air Force public release on this subject, see:
Possibly during the course of last month’s editorial here, “‘Nearly Perfect’ Not Nearly,” in which I called out the U.S. Air Force for lauding itself a bit much, I veered across the line separating vehemence from over-vehemence. Just possibly. Over-vehemence is a professional hazard of journalism. A gentle reader wrote in to suggest as much. He began, in his polite way, with “As always, I enjoyed your article and it made me think.” Then he offered a few of his thoughts for me in turn to consider.
First, he urged me to weigh all three GPS segments. The space and control segments operate almost flawlessly, he averred. Except, I can’t refrain from riposting, for the times that they don’t.
The user segment, we can all agree, is a different story. Most current GPS user equipment can be jammed and spoofed, sometimes very easily, and some have difficulty handling leap seconds and GPS week rollovers.
The U.S. Air Force and the GPS program office cannot fix the problem with user equipment. This is up to those who manufacture, purchase, install and maintain the user equipment.
Fair enough.
Let’s not even get into mapping and guidance algorithms and obsolete data that generate multitudinous stories in mass media about drivers led astray and into danger “by GPS.” Those are the fault, not of the user equipment per se, but of software conjoined to a receiver in a navigation device or smartphone.
My column in June’s GNSS Design & Test enewsletter covered the same ground and then tackled the potential costs of GPS disruption, citing a study done by Innovate U.K., the U.K. Space Agency and the Royal Institute of Navigation. This included a pie chart of potential economic losses in the U.K. that would stem from a prolonged GNSS disruption. I really should have correleated these with, or at least mentioned in the same breath, the reports done for the National Space Based-PNT Advisory Board by Irv Leveson, because there were several mismatches. In particular, the PNT Advisory Board study concluded that more than 50 percent of the value of GPS to the U.S. economy lies in high-precision uses — substantially higher than estimated in the U.K.
Regardless of statistics, we should think, my correspondent reminded me, about the performance needs of different uses. It’s not just whether you have PNT or you don’t. The degree to which you have it is the key: accuracy, coverage, 3D versus 2D positioning and other factors determine if a technology can perform to meet a given need. Aviation requires 3D positioning for some operations. Surveying and machine control require submeter accuracy. Road use requires meter accuracy now, and submeter in the future for autonomous driving. Almost 50 percent of the U.K. pie chart, and more than 50 percent of GPS value to the U.S., requires meter or better accuracy. Except for other satnav systems, what known technology can provide this kind of performance over an area the size of a nation, whether U.K. or U.S.?
When someone utters the words “I’m nearly perfect,” get on your toes. Such self-appraisal usually masks something. It could be insecurity, denial, ignorance or simply fear. At the very least, some level of illusion, if not delusion, is involved.
The press release actually says, “The U.S. Air Force released two technical reports demonstrating that the Global Positioning System (GPS) continues to deliver exceptional performance to civilian users around the world….The 2014 and 2015 performance reports confirm that the GPS Standard Positioning Service (SPS) satisfied nearly all measurable performance commitments documented in the GPS SPS Performance Standard.”
Fair enough. Those are demonstrable facts. Nowhere does the release — other than in its headline — employ the words “perfect” or “near-perfect.”
The problem is, as current events repeatedly show, people remember only the headline. That may be all that they read or register in the first place.
Affixing the label “near-perfect” to GPS is “potentially dangerous,” points out Dana Goward of the Resilient PNT Foundation, “because it could exacerbate the public’s growing over-reliance on, and often blind faith in, GPS. Even if GPS did always perform perfectly, all kinds of things can happen to signals after they leave the satellites and before they get to receivers. Personal privacy devices, other jammers, spoofers, solar activity, other electromagnetic interference, even the local geography can significantly degrade or disable a receiver’s performance. That’s why in the GPS System Performance Standard the Air Force specifically says its responsibility ends once signals are in space.”
Perfection might exist in space, but it doesn’t down here.
Even in space, accidents sure will happen. The Air Force release documents GPS performance for 2014 and 2015. This conveniently draws up short of January 2016, when several GPS satellites broadcast a timing error that triggered equipment faults and failures globally for nearly 12 hours. Thus demonstrating something far from perfection.
Issuing a statement in the manner done on June 16 perpetuates a dangerous myth, keeps users in the dark about the actual state of affairs, cultivates a What-Me-Worry? approach to positioning, navigation and timing, and abets the lack of political will and understanding of GNSS vulnerabilities.
We have expanded the focus of this magazine to cover other technologies relevant and applicable to the field precisely because GPS, and by extension GNSS, great though they may be, are not perfect. Not even nearly.
This month’s column deals with two troublesome topics: the U.S. government’s over-reliance on GPS, and the potential costs of GPS disruption toward which such a policy may be leading us.
First things first.
When someone utters the words “I’m nearly perfect,” get on your toes. Such self-appraisal usually masks something. It could be insecurity, denial, ignorance or simply fear. At the very least, some level of illusion, if not delusion, is involved.
The press release actually says, “The U.S. Air Force released two technical reports demonstrating that the Global Positioning System (GPS) continues to deliver exceptional performance to civilian users around the world….The 2014 and 2015 performance reports confirm that the GPS Standard Positioning Service (SPS) satisfied nearly all measurable performance commitments documented in the GPS SPS Performance Standard.”
Fair enough. Those are demonstrable facts. Nowhere does the release — other than in its headline — employ the words “perfect” or “near-perfect.”
The problem is, as current events repeatedly show, people remember only the headline. That may be all that they read or register in the first place.
Affixing the label “near-perfect” to GPS is “potentially dangerous,” points out Dana Goward of the Resilient PNT Foundation, “because it could exacerbate the public’s growing over-reliance on, and often blind faith in, GPS. Even if GPS did always perform perfectly, all kinds of things can happen to signals after they leave the satellites and before they get to receivers. Personal privacy devices, other jammers, spoofers, solar activity, other electromagnetic interference, even the local geography can significantly degrade or disable a receiver’s performance. That’s why in the GPS System Performance Standard the Air Force specifically says its responsibility ends once signals are in space.”
Perfection might exist in space, but it doesn’t down here.
Even in space, accidents sure will happen. The Air Force release documents GPS performance for 2014 and 2015. This conveniently draws up short of January 2016, when several GPS satellites broadcast a timing error that triggered equipment faults and failures globally for nearly 12 hours. Thus demonstrating something far from perfection.
Issuing a statement in the manner done on June 16 perpetuates a dangerous myth, keeps users in the dark about the actual state of affairs, cultivates a What-Me-Worry? approach to positioning, navigation and timing, and abets the lack of political will and understanding of GNSS vulnerabilities.
We have expanded the focus of this magazine to cover other technologies relevant and applicable to the field precisely because GPS, and by extension GNSS, great though they may be, are not perfect. Not even nearly.
At What Cost Ignorance?
A report recently compiled and released in the UK attempts to quantify the cost of a GNSS disruption, should one occur. The figure the authors came up with? 1 billion pounds sterling per day. That’s approximately $1,273,710,000.
Per day.
The report, available in either 11-page or 133-page versions, and titled The economic impact to the UK of a disruption to GNSS, looks at what would happen to the UK economy if GNSS were unavailable for five days. Five days is, indeed, a long time. One hopes that a fix could be obtained in less than that amount of time. But one never knows, does one?
“The economic impact to the UK of a five-day disruption to GNSS has been estimated at £5.2bn.” Thus the per diem figure above.
The report was commissioned by Innovate UK, the UK Space Agency and the Royal Institute of Navigation. It followed from the January 2016 accident referenced earlier, in which an error in the GPS signal from certain satellites, triggered by the decommissioning of one of those satellites, brought a number of key industrial servers to their knees. The episode lasted 12 hours.
This report hypothesizes a more fleshed-out disaster and estimates the likely impact of a disruption to GNSS availability for up to five days across ten application domains in the UK: Road, Rail, Aviation, Maritime, Food, Emergency and Justice Services, Surveying, Location-Based Services (LBS), Other Infrastructure, and Other Applications.
The report is worth reading, not only for its figures, methodology, and discussion of mitigation, but also for two salient pages: “A day in the UK with GNSS” and “A day in the UK without GNSS.” At home, on the move, with others, at work, at the shops, when things go wrong, back at home. A post-modern (or post-Beatles) “Day in the Life.”
Even if the hypothetical disruption were not to last 5 days, but a much shorter period, perusing the two chronologies of with and without can serve to remind us how many of our daily activities are keyed to and thus dependent on GPS/GNSS.
Having no viable, working back-up — not even on the visible horizon — to such an essential system makes sense how?
GNSS and PNT markets continue changing, sometimes very rapidly. No news there. Technology advances relentlessly, opening up new application areas and new price points as it goes.
The market for inertial navigation systems (INS), a subset of that PNT universe, is no exception. The number of available options in inertial has grown substantially. Micro-electrical-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors lead the charge. Smaller, lighter, lower power and less expensive than previous inertial measurement units, they are truly changing the game and exploding past their previously limited deployment.
So much so that I now need to find a MEMS expert to join our editorial board, advise me on article selection, and attend an ever-widening spectrum of PNT-relevant conferences on behalf of this magazine.
That’s not the only smaller, faster, lighter, cheaper advance warping the speed of change in PNT. Our reporter Robin Wrinn got a look at the 33rd Annual Space Symposium at the ways 3D printing is changing how GPS satellites are put together. I had to rub my eyes when I read her account. Yes, GPS satellites. The column in The System of Systems (page 10) touches only lightly upon this phenomenon. I had to edit all the rest out as we are so short of space in this issue. But go online, where space no longer constrains us, for a fuller account and startling photos.
If this trend goes on much longer, I’ll need a 3D printing expert on the editorial board as well. Indeed, we gave some consideration a few years back to bringing 3D printing “under the umbrella,” so to speak, inside the magically expanding tent — like something out of Harry Potter — that encloses all the technologies we must cover, just to keep up with you folks.
I sense something else lurking about, awaiting an entrance. And for this I’ll really need an expert adviser. I don’t even know what to call it. Somehow it combines virtual reality and gamification. Yes, really. Games are about to begin playing a role in PNT. First in mapping, through the visualization of data; this is explored in our May Defense PNT & Geointelligence Insidernewsletter column.
Gamification is “the application of game-design elements and game principles in non-game contexts.” To what purpose? To improve productivity, of course. Though we may call it accuracy, or availability, or robustness in our realm. It begins with crowdsourcing, probably. Though I feel the ice getting thinner, the limb weaker beneath me as I climb out upon it. Think I’ll stop now.
The Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) Xponential 2017 show, May 8-11 in Dallas, convened a global community of commercial and defense suppliers in intelligent robotics, drones and unmanned systems. It showcases the broad forefront of autonomous vehicles generally, but in-flight in particular, and there were plenty of expanded capabilities and expanding applications on display.
In one of several keynotes over the course of the four-day show, Intel Corporation CEO Brian Krzanich predicted that in the oncoming era of driverless cars and autonomous aircraft, the most important aspect of such vehicles will be the data they collect rather than their performance. Big data and cloud processing are somehow tied into UAVs in his vision of things. Sometime soon, he forecast, autonomous devies “will have the ability to make decisions.”
Swarming drones have military potential, according to a 33-year career Marine who now works at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. Bill Powers described how a Navy program, the Low-Cost UAV Swarming Technology (LOCUST) uses drones to jam enemy communications and waste its resources by drawing fire. The Naval Research Laboratory dploys Close-in Covert Autonomous Disposable Aircraft (CICADA), with onboard sensors that relay atmospheric conditions as well as possition, time and altitude relating to battlefield conditions.
Watching the Watchers
With all the drones in the air, managing them and keeping the commercial airspace safe and uncluttered has become a towering problem. Several companies at AUVSI introduced unmanned traffic management (UTM) systems.
Unmanned traffic management becoming a priority (image courtesy Gryphon Systems).
Among them, Gryphon Sensors introduced Mobile Skylight, an operational mobile UTM system designed for rapid deployment.
Drone security applications span, according to the company, airport security, critical infrastructure protection, VIP security, embassy protection and border security. In the beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) realm, UTM applications to be enabled by Mobile Skylight include: first responders (EMS, fire and police), precision agriculture, delivery, utility and infrastructure inspection, media and entertainment, mapping and surveying, construction and mining.
In short, everywhere drones go, they will need to be tracked and managed.
Mobile Skylight combines multiple technologies and an array of self-contained sensors, to serve as a mobile command center. The system is provided in a four-wheel drive van with off-road capabilities. It also integrates with third-party sensor inputs, and automatically records essential data for post-mission analysis and playback.
Using a dual-band mesh network, Mobile Skylight is capable of forward deploying a multispectral suite of sensors. Its integrated radar has been designed for 3-D detection of low-flying, small UAS and general aviation at ranges out to 10 kilometers and 27 kilometers, respectively. The system has built-in target tracking and classification to help quickly identify cooperative and non-cooperative targets. It also tracks multiple, simultaneous targets, providing a comprehensive picture of the airspace.
One novel application is heavy-lift drones for the construction and perhaps open-pit mining, quarrying and other weighty sectors. Griff Aviation, a Norwegian company that has set up a manufacturing plant in Florida, displayed its Super Heavy-Lift model, the Griff 300.
Super Heavy-Lift Drone from Griff Aviation image courtesy Gryphon Systems
The GRIFF 300 is an unmanned aircraft with customizable payload options that make it suitable for a variety of professional applications. The company states that it can lift 225kg (496lbs) in addition to its own 75kg (165lbs) weight. It features a flight time of 30-45mins, depending on payload. “The next model that will be produced will be able to lift 800kg (1,764lbs). Then we will continue to increase lifting capacity even further,” said CEO Leif Johan Holand.
Skylift Global drone prepping for flight. image courtesy Gryphon Systems
Several aisles over on the show floor, Skylift Global also featured a drone in the heavy lifting class. “Current prototype is 100 pounds and carried an additional 100 pounds easy. Currently undergoing testing for up to 400 pounds,” says its CEO Amir Emadi.
Skylift has signed agreements with companies in southern California to start deliveries of cold-chain logistics. Its heavy-lift capability can carry the added weight of refrigeration (think Amazon Fresh, says Emadi). Skylift also is in collaboration with JPL and Caltech to showcase a platform to DARPA for autonomous sense and avoid.
Neither company has GPS aboard their workhorses yet but see no problem and plenty of opportunity in adding it as their business develops.
Experienced GNSS Companies
NovAtel had on display its range of high-precision GNSS receivers, antennas, and augmented systems for ground, marine and airborne unmanned applications. Its equipment meets requirements for military and commercial applications, and specific to UAV applications the company offered the OEM625S SAASM GPS+civil RTK receiver, GAJT anti-jam antennas, TerraStar PPP correction services and SPAN GNSS+INS for 3D position, attitude and velocity.
The latter will be featured in the cover story of GPS World’s June issue, differentiating performance of various grades of IMUs in a tightly-coupled inertial/GNSS integration. Exploring IMU specifications and correlating them to performance of a final product can be daunting, as differences between MEMS sensors are not always apparent. The article will present achievable performances in fusion technology across a range of IMUs among the best in their respective performance categories.
Spirent Communications took a dual approach, displaying what they termed an entry-level simulator (although fully upgradeable as needs develop) for UAV manufacturers who are new to GPS signal testing, and even the need for it. They also had on hand their fully configured GSS7000 for multi-frequency testing, also with a modular approach to enable the precision GNSS simulation system to expand with users’ needs.
The GSS7000 series offers emulation of all civil GNSS systems and regional augmentation systems, and allows devices to be tested under a multitude of operating environments and error conditions, the company said. The GSS7000 has the flexibility to reconfigure satellite constellations, channels and frequencies between test runs or test cases. Four software control variants are offered.
This e-newsletter marks the sun setting on the career of GeoIntelligence Insider columnist and contributing editor Art Kalinski, long active in geospatial circles. Art is handing the journalistic reins to William Tewelow, a former intelligence specialist with the U.S. Navy. He also served a special assignment at the U.S. Department of Transportation and is currently a manager with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The following discussion muses about the direction of our geospatial tradecraft in the coming years.
Tewelow’s Geointelligence column will alternate monthly with Mike Jones’ Defense PNT column. Every issue of this newsletter also brings you the latest news on both expanding fronts, hardware and software, in the defense and security realm.
Passing the torch
A conversation between retiring GeoIntelligence editor Art Kalinski, GISP, and his successor, William Tewelow, GISP.
Counter-drone technology research and operation efforts are helping to prepare for the potential threat of drone swarms. This Lockheed Martin concept is explored in “Technology That Counters Drone Swarms.” (Image: Lockheed Martin)
Art: A factor of life is that you just can’t predict with certainty where technology is headed or what the issues will be. Several weeks ago I attended a UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) users group that seemed like a glimpse of the Wild West. I thought the key discussion topics would be the latest technology which seems to change almost weekly. That was not the case. The key discussions were the same as the early days of GIS: legal liability, jurisdictions, data ownership, administrative issues and so on, as the FAA changes the rules and regulations. I began to see that there will be more employment opportunities for lawyers than techies and pilots.
Although most of the attendees at the conference were geospatial/first responder users, I’ve learned of a growing community of non-traditional users such as power line inspectors and even tower painters. Yes, a tower painting company using tethered UAVs to paint in dangerous locations such as bridges, tanks and towers. At first I thought that would be difficult but by using a tethered system, heavy batteries are eliminated and bigger UAVs will permit heavier hoses, etc. Although the FAA had little interest in tethered balloons and UAVs, that could change as the size, altitude and potential crash radius expands.
This is just one example of how our technology is moving in many unplanned directions, everything from UAVs with new ways of collecting imagery to more exotic topics such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, augmented reality, virtual reality (VR) and gamification. The entire trade craft is evolving in ways I don’t think anybody could have predicted just a few years ago, much less a decade ago. It will be interesting to see where it goes.
William: You mentioned several new technologies mixing things up. Small sats are also making a significant impact. They are game changers. Imagine the traditional 2D satellite imagery base map. With the tech we have now 3D base maps are possible and have been for a long time with DEMS. Now, small sat imagery can be overlaid atop the 3D basemaps providing fresh imagery with periodicities of 24 hours or less, including multi-spectral. I’ve even seen small sat video overlays. That’s game changing.
Art: Not only small sats but the work being done with drone swarms is an exciting new area. If data needs to be collected in a hostile area or if flight clearance in a busy air corridor was limited, a swarm of maybe 100 drones could capture a wide swath of data at high resolutions, with multiple spectrums in very short order.
Virtual reality and augmented reality are two areas which have always intrigued me and they are coming to fruition. When I started out in GIS, I told people working for me to do the best we could building our regional database because at some point we would have construction workers wearing goggles that will augment the reality of what they are seeing with GIS data. That day is here and people are finally starting to do that. So, the entire concept of AR (augmented reality) and VR I find extremely exciting.
William: Yes, absolutely, in fact I believe they used drone swarms in the hostage situation in Algiers in 2014. And you are right. VR and AR use for first responders is especially critical. Say you’re a disaster relief person at night in a smoke-filled building. Night vision and thermal vision reach a practical limit. However, combining the vision devices with AR you may be able to navigate through the environment well enough. AR shows at least what should be there so accurate and timely data is critical. I can see this is where things are headed. Additionally, more mundane tasks such as design and modifications of structures could be enhanced. Work is already being done using AR and VR to facilitate the design process.
Art: VR started as fun and games but to me serious use VR is where the new and exciting action will be for geospatial practitioners. Virtual trainers I saw recently included small arms and artillery trainers for the military to a less exciting but equally impressive virtual trainer to teach arc welding and even spray painting a car. Significantly more critical was a VR surgical trainer where the muscle learning and hand eye coordination required is significant. It’s obviously quicker, easier and cheaper to practice virtually than on a real human or real equipment and the VR environment is just one short step away from surgical robots operating in remote locations.
William: Right, and you are touching on gamification, where VR can be used to train toward certain results. Take the military, for example, gamification can save all manner of resources – bullets, people, buildings the environment. Additionally, users can also scale up or down. The VR environment doesn’t just mean roads, maps or mountains. You can get down to a micro level.
Art: It’s interesting you mention that. One aha! moment I had years ago was at the first Esri User Conference in San Diego. I went through the map gallery. A lot of examples of different uses for GIS were on display and one person had created a map of the human circulatory system using ArcView Network Analyst. Looking at it I thought, of course, whether its blood vessels or interstate highways, it’s a network; so, this individual was using a geospatial tool to map the entire blood vessel network.
William: We are now in the realm of nano technology, where things are small enough to work on blood cells. Imagine steering straight towards a cancer cell by pinpointing a location in relation to the body.
Art: It’s almost like the movie “Fantastic Voyage” except in a virtual environment.
William: Yes. Being able to put the nano technology right where it needs to be means entering an age of focused medicine so that a pill releasing nano particulates doesn’t impact the whole body just the area needed. That’s another discussion in itself. Of course, all of that will have to be controlled, mapped and understood in terms of what it’s doing and where it’s going in relation to the body.
Art: One area that is very concerning to me is cyber. All of this stuff we’ve talked about is very vulnerable whether stealing data or doing damage to a society. Thwarting those threats is getting into machine learning, AI and other topics bordering science fiction.
William: Yes, and you are getting into artificial intelligence. IBM, Google, Amazon, Facebook, Microsoft and our three letter agencies are all investing into the world of Geospatial AI. I am not sure where GeoAI will end up but we can already see some hints. The amount of geospatial data is overwhelming and imagine the explosion happening with IoT. How will all that be managed? GeoAI will do pattern recognition so in effect GeoAI is assisted intelligence.
As an example let’s consider a high profile event. There are 1000’s of parameters that need to be tracked such as surveillance cameras, social media feeds, a suite of sensors, etc. Identifying critical patterns is crucial so Geospatial Assisted Intelligence can monitor the parameters of the event then notify the analyst when a triggering event occurs. That’s where the technology is going where it has to go.
Art: One has to have a truly dizzying intellect to keep track of all aspects of our technology. At the last NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) conference, Director Cardillo talked extensively about open systems and open sources which are growing directions for the agency. I believe it’s good to get away from everything being “inside the tent” and taking advantage of the extensive capability in the broad geospatial community. The stated goal is to be able to develop needed geospatial tools, in an unclassified environment, not in months or weeks but literally in minutes to provide those tools to analysts in the field. Things have come so far from the day I was just happy to get a pen plotter to print a simple map.
William: It really is mind boggling. I was there when full motion video began and that was dynamic 2D imagery but then it made the jump to 3D dynamic imagery and my circuits fried. I still have a hard time comprehending all the data crunching that goes into it and it is now almost standard. The future is amazing. That is the direction I want to continue to explore.
