Category: Survey

Surveyors and their global role as humanitarians
Every year, surveying associations worldwide celebrate Global Surveyor’s Day during the third week of March. This year is no different (even during a pandemic) and will be recognized on Tuesday, March 23.

While this past year has been full of challenges, the role of the surveyor on a global scale has continued to grow. As a professional land surveyor in the midwestern portion of the United States, my surveying experiences have been wide-ranging at times.

For those who know of me and/or have followed my writings here in GPS World, you probably understand how my perspective for the surveying profession has come to be. For those who have no clue about my background, let me give you a brief refresher:
- Second-generation surveyor, born and raised in Central Illinois, United States
- Surveyed in rural, suburban and urban environments
- Began writing for GPS World in 2015 to share my surveying perspective
Even though my surveying career has spanned several decades, my experience has been limited to the areas described above. From my early days of spending hours in the county recorder’s office pouring through tract index books, all the way to viewing parcel shapes, scanned documents and high-resolution aerial imagery in today’s world, it seemed at face value that my experience covered most of the duties of the typical land surveyor.

My career has encountered robotic total stations, all iterations of GPS/GNSS data collection, laser scanning, and now UAV data collection. Throw in the development of the personal computer, COGO and CAD software, the Windows operating system, pen plotters, and countless software breakthroughs, and my perspective of the surveying profession had been front row for all the great things we now take for granted.

However, these advancements, in tandem with growing up in middle-class America, did not prepare me for a recent experience with a surveying/geospatial group new to me.

VCSP Wisdom Workshop

A virtual workshop was recently held to discuss the Volunteer Community Surveyor Program (VCSP) instituted in 2017 by the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) and the FIG Young Surveyors Network (YSN). More than 125 attendees from worldwide locations logged into the sessions to learn about the program and how to become involved.

The program, titled “Sustainable Solutions for Land Based Community Problems: Tools and Modern Approaches,” spanned two days and two four-hour sessions. Before we jump into the specifics of the program, first we will offer another brief refresher on FIG and its YSN.

The Fédération Internationale des Géomètres, now known to English speaking nations as International Federation of Surveyors, was founded in July 1878. It has grown into a worldwide non-governmental organization representing more than 120 countries and their surveying/geomatics professions.

The National Society of Professional Surveyors (NSPS) is a member organization and participates at various levels throughout FIG.

The FIG Young Surveyors Network (FIG YSN) was initially established in 2006 as a working group, and upgraded in 2009 to network status due to its rapid growth. This group of young professionals and practitioners worldwide has worked with groups such as the United Nations, World Bank, National Society of Professional Surveyors (NSPS) and Council of European Geodetic Surveyors (CLGE) to promote the profession, increase opportunities for young professionals, and be an agent for social and climate change.

This YSN workshop set lofty goals, including providing information about the VCSP as well as informing participants of the current means and methods of surveying in underdeveloped countries. For context, here are the program topics covered over the two days:

DAY 1: Community problems, land tenure and tools for land management
- Experiences and opportunities of humanitarian surveyors (past volunteer community surveys)
- Land management, community development and open technologies
- Identifying the relationship between land management and community development
- The skills of a humanitarian surveyor
- Introduction to STDM and Cadasta tools
- An implementation of the STDM and Cadasta tools for land management
DAY 2: Building capacity and implementing modern land-management approaches
- Leveraging land-management tools for problem solving and decision making
- Designing country-scale solutions for land rights and tenure security issues
- Gathering resources for land management projects
- How much have land rights and tenure insecurity impacted your country?
- Documenting and publishing experiences
- What’s next? Parallel sessions by FIG region
Introduction to the humanitarian surveyor

Like most land surveyors in the United States, our role has been well-defined for generations. We establish and/or reestablish parcel boundaries (that is, original or retracement surveys). While our duties have expanded based upon technology, the central responsibility of the surveyor has been established as an expert measurer and provider of boundary information.

In the 200+ years since the westward expansion and formal establishment of most of the United States, the role of the surveyor has evolved into more of a commercial purpose. A surveyor’s principal responsibility is to protect the public, but that meaning has much different connotations in lesser developed countries.

FIG Volunteer Community Surveyor working with locals to discuss parcel possession. (Photo: FIG Young Surveyors)

In the recent past, surveying efforts in many developing countries have been like the early General Land Office surveyors in the 1800s. A surveyor in these regions is out in front of development of unclaimed lands, observing natural and manmade boundaries to guide the decision-making process in establishing parcel rights. The methods and procedures used to date in many lesser developed countries are much like 19th-century surveying — primitive instruments and crude maps sketch property claims with little to no authority.

Surveying: The Next Generation. Here is where the concept of the community or humanitarian surveyor comes into the picture. A new generation of surveyors is using modern technology not just to map existing boundaries and improvements, but also to collect additional data that will be analyzed to help improve living conditions. With the introduction of GNSS technology, establishment of parcel boundaries now takes an accurate and precise shape in GIS databases created for improving conditions in these areas.

Additional attributes are collected to determine utility needs, communication availability and access to medical care.

The easy solution seems to be that, as a larger part of the surveying community, we send teams of surveyors to these countries to locate and establish boundaries as well as perform site studies to determine living conditions and potential improvements. If it were just that easy…

Local government: Friend or foe?

Often, these surveyors are going into regions where the local or national governments do not agree with empowering their citizens with property rights and allowing them access to basic utilities. Part of the humanitarian surveyor’s role is to get to know the “lay of the land” when it comes to local order.

Many remote places are controlled by local gangs, tribes or other factions. These groups forbid the population around them to own their property. Even though it may seem like these physical parcel boundaries exist, most of these people do not have title or land tenure rights. This is partly because of the local control situation, but can also be due to the lack of sophistication within the local or national government.

Communication hurdles. Another hurdle for the humanitarian surveyor has nothing to do with their professional capability — it relies solely on appearance, body language and ability to bridge a communication gap. For example, most first-world nations rely strictly on communication skills and the competence to effectively work with other people. We often easily trust those who present evidence of competency with no previous interaction.

In third-world countries, however, locals do not trust outsiders and place competency on those who have built long-term relationships with them. They also rely heavily on body language and facial expressions to convey trust. Local citizens in these areas are less likely to trust visiting older generations who are not able to understand these visual cues.

Combining the factors of trust of the local citizens with the unsteadiness of government and/or lawlessness, the humanitarian surveyor must also be able to determine common property lines, locate lines of occupation, and remain neutral in providing guidance to adjacent neighbors. These conditions often include areas for crops and livestock, as well as places for food growth and development.

With little to no money and lack of commerce available, many of these regions are food poor. Locals are forced to harvest their own food, so having a plot of land to grow these crops is critical.

The surveying procedure for the VCSP. (Image: FIG Young Surveyors)

In more established areas, it can be challenging to determine land tenant rights with many shanties and lean-tos being joined structurally. It is equally difficult to determine if any common utilities exist in these areas, such as stormwater channels to help with rainfall.

Add to these improvement location duties the need for better census data to help with government analyzation of population to apply for aid from other countries.

The good thing is that technology has progressed in creating tools for geographically locating all these entities, including population, with a multitude of attributes to complete proper analyzation. But there is a catch.

Technology challenges worldwide

One of the biggest issue surveyors face when providing services in these areas is the lack of advanced technology and computers. These areas may not have reliable utilities, such as electricity or running water, much less viable internet or Wi-Fi. If computers do exist with local government, they are often years behind in computing power and software. Even operating systems like Windows are a rarity in many of these countries.

Networking accuracy needed. Most humanitarian surveyors will bring their own equipment and computers, so that problem can be averted. But what about geographical locations? Yes, GNSS constellations are available worldwide, but accuracy using just satellite signals is not sufficient for location of parcels and improvements.

To get survey-grade accuracy, the surveyor will typically utilize a correction service or base station on a known value. Most of these corrections are based on Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) or similar established reference stations, so creating a georeferenced datum for the surveyed location takes time and knowledge. Once the network is established, lots of work and oversight is necessary to provide quality control on the data being located.

Tackling parcel management on a global scale. (Image: FIG Young Surveyors)

To add to these issues, most of the staff necessary to complete the surveys must be brought in due to the lack of education at the location. The role of the humanitarian surveyor will also be to teach the craft of surveying to locals, who will continue to expand the area cadaster after the volunteer surveyor has left.

Open-Source Software. However, affording the necessary equipment, computers and software to continue the newly established system is also a hurdle for the community. While the price of computer hardware has greatly reduced over time, the advancement of software and cost of upkeep provides a greater monetary challenge.

Enter open-source software, based upon Linux and other free computer operating systems. This software has been developed with these situations in mind. It allows for customization to each user’s specific need. There are several GIS and data-collection platforms to fit the needs of these budding communities and countries. Open-source and public-domain software allow even the most basic of cadaster needs to be completed efficiently.

Young surveyors network to the rescue

From a technology standpoint, it makes sense that the FIG Young Surveyors Network began this program to help underdeveloped nations begin to create simple cadasters for assessing their property and improvement needs. The younger generation has grown up with technology and can easily teach someone how to embrace it and trust the results.

This younger generation is also the developer of open-source software and tools and sees the value in providing low- to no-cost applications to those who need it most. While the hard part is collecting the data and working with the locals to establish common boundaries, count the population, and determine the utility needs, they take pride in being part of a solution for a segment of the world that may not have any other chance or choice.

Participants in the Volunteer Community Surveyor Program (VCSP). (Photo: FIG Young Surveyors)

One of the interesting portions of the workshop was the breaks between segments. While it was a time to step away from the computer/tablet/phone, the organizers broadcast videos of musical groups from around the world and encouraged the participants to stand up and dance, with their cameras on. While I did not partake in the dancing (it was 4 a.m. at my home), I applaud the Young Surveyors for providing a welcoming atmosphere where each person could be themselves. Several of the participants were in Africa and Asia on cellphones, so creating a workshop environment that worked for all levels of engagement was fascinating.

What I learned

My biggest takeaway was simply learning about the term “humanitarian surveyor.” My earlier reference trying to relate these volunteers to the GLO surveyors, while in the same vein in establishing land boundaries, misses badly in terms of overall contribution to the communities in which the volunteers visit.

The work they perform is truly humanitarian. While I have tried to comprehend the conditions they are facing, I again fall short in fully experiencing what the role has to offer.

One of the testimonials was regarding a group that went to Nepal following the 2015 earthquake to help re-establish towns and parcels. The pictures were stunning, and the memories shared were heartfelt. To be one of these volunteers is truly a humanitarian effort.

Well done, FIG Young Surveyors Network and the Volunteer Community Surveyor Program. I will do my best to not take life here for granted anymore.
March 2, 2021
Topcon partnership with CyArk bolsters cultural site archiving efforts

Screenshot: CyArk

Topcon Positioning Group is partnering with CyArk, a non-profit organization committed to the conservation of cultural heritage sites around the globe.

Using 3D digital documentation technology, CyArk works to ensure that culturally significant sites can be thoroughly and accurately documented for the benefit of current and future generations. Many of the technologies needed for doing so come from the geospatial world, making the Topcon partnership a welcome one, according to John Ristevski, CEO of CyArk.

“We have supported the documentation of over 200 sites around the world from the Mosque City of Bagerhat in Bangladesh to the iconic statues on Easter Island, but the need for high precision documentation continues to grow and there are many exciting projects yet to come,” he said. “High-precision measurement and documentation of these culturally significant sites is critical for decision making, so we are thrilled to be partnering with Topcon, an industry leader in that area and more.”

The commitment from Topcon includes GNSS receivers, robotic total stations, field controllers, MAGNET software and a subscription to Topnet Live, the company’s real-time GNSS reference network. According to Ulrich Hermanski, executive vice president of Geopositioning for Topcon Positioning Group, having worked alongside CyArk in the past, it was a pleasure to continue to support the organization in this way.

”Our relationship with CyArk dates back to 2015 when we helped them digitally document the Sogi Power Plant, one of Japan’s national industrial historic sites,” Hermanski said. “We quickly recognized and admired the crucial role they are playing in ensuring cultural landmarks of all types are preserved in a digital format. Our expertise — providing precision measurement solutions — blends perfectly with their needs, now and as they move forward.

“One of the first projects on which they plan to use the new solutions is mapping the redwood grove in Big Basin Redwood State Park, in California, an area that suffered severe damage in the recent wildfires,” Hermanski said. “We are pleased to help with this important effort.”

CyArk’s mission, to record, archive and share the world’s most significant cultural heritage sites, stems from a desire to not only save these places digitally but provide critical information to aid in the physical conservation and restoration of the sites today.

“In recent years alone, we’ve seen instances in which culturally-invaluable sites were damaged or lost to arson, terrorism or the effects of climate change,” said Ristevski. “To know that the accurate digital documentation efforts can play a role in rebuilding or reconstruction is a humbling opportunity. We are grateful to have Topcon partnering with us in our efforts.”

March 2, 2021
Research Roundup: Advanced high-precision GNSS

Photo: William Barton/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images

Of the hundreds of papers researchers presented at the Institute of Navigation’s annual ION GNSS+ conference, which took place virtually Sept. 21–25, the following five focused on advanced technologies in high-precision GNSS. Papers are available at www.ion.org/publications/browse.cfm.

Railway health with GPS + Galileo

Railway infrastructure and vehicle maintenance expenditures are estimated to cost more than €20 billion per year at the European level. This indicates the demand for developing a low-cost system capable of providing prognostic information about the health status of the railway at the points of the interaction between the vehicle and the infrastructure (wheelset, pantograph, rail and catenary). To achieve these capabilities, SIA (System for vehicle-infrastructure Interaction Assets health status monitoring) is being developed by a consortium from five different European countries. Within the SIA, events are captured by a network of sensors, which are time stamped and then accurately geo-referenced by the positioning sub-system of SIA. The positioning sub-system is based on European GNSS (EGNSS) positioning algorithms tailored for the railway environment and comprises onboard as well as back-office processing.

GNSS-based positioning in the railway environment is very challenging. Hence, Galileo with its advanced signal structure is utilized in SIA (in addition to GPS) to improve availability as well as accuracy.

The onboard positioning algorithm has been developed based on a novel GNSS-inertial measurement unit (IMU) hybridized approach. The new approach can overcome frequent measurement gaps within the GNSS observations and maintain the accuracy level required by the SIA. An overview of the back-office positioning in SIA complements the presentation of the onboard processing.

Citation. Moradi, Ramin, Zheng, Yuheng, Hutchinson, Michael, Roth, Michael, Jahan, Kanwal, Goya, Jon, Alvarado, Unai, “Positioning for Train-infrastructure Asset Health Status Monitoring within the SIA-project,” Proceedings of ION GNSS+ 2020, pp. 2948–2959. https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17636

Snapshot positioning

Snapshot positioning — from a very brief interval of the received satellite signal — is becoming popular for various applications. This paper studies the feasibility of achieving real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning using snapshot data, a method termed Snapshot RTK (SRTK). A major difference of this positioning method is the generation of code and carrier-phase GNSS observables, a procedure the authors explain. To explore the feasibility of achieving RTK under different scenarios, the rate of integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) is assessed by using snapshot measurements generated with different integration times and signal bandwidths under zero-baseline configuration. Under these assumptions, the key factor that influences the RTK fix rate is the code measurement noise. Double difference code measurement errors are evaluated and plotted with the resulting IAR fix rates to find the relationship between them. The performance of using multi-constellation and multi-frequency signals is tested as well. The fix rate can reach 100% when multiple constellations are used. The achieved positioning accuracy is shown to be less than 5 mm in horizontal domain when IAR is achieved successfully.

Citation. Liu, Xiao, Ribot, Miguel Ángel, Gusi-Amigó, Adrià, Closas, Pau, Garcia, Adrià Rovira, Subirana, Jaume Sanz, “RTK Feasibility Analysis for GNSS Snapshot Positioning,” Proceedings of ION GNSS+ 2020, September 2020, pp. 2911–2921. https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17768

Cooperative positioning

Advances in low-latency communications networks combined with the paradigm of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have opened opportunities to develop network-based collaborative positioning and navigation. Recent research has fostered the concept of networked GNSS receivers supporting the sharing of raw measurements with other receivers connected to the network. Such measurements (for instance, pseudorange and Doppler) can be processed through Differential GNSS techniques to retrieve inter-receiver distances that can be integrated to improve positioning performance.

This paper investigates an improved Bayesian estimation for a sensorless, tight integration of Differential GNSS-based collaborative measurements through a modified particle filter. A particle filter natively supports the non-Gaussian noise distribution characterizing GNSS-based inter-receiver distances, so the proposed particle filter was designed, implemented and optimized according to the architecture of a proprietary INS-free GNSS software receiver and tested with realistic RF signals, thus showing remarkable improvement in positioning accuracy.

Citation. Minetto, Alex, Gurrieri, Alessandro, Dovis, Fabio, “DGNSS-based Cooperative Positioning using Statistics-Adaptive Particle Filter,” Proceedings of ION GNSS+ 2020, pp. 2652–2666. https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17530

Virtual base station

RTK (Real Time Kinematic) is a positioning approach that provides centimeter level accuracy by using a reference station. When the rover and the base station are in proximity (short baseline), all common mode errors are eliminated by the double difference, allowing carrier phase ambiguity resolution. But in medium and long baseline cases, ionospheric and tropospheric delays are not completely eliminated, which affects positioning accuracy. This has limited the application of RTK, especially in certain regions where the closest base station is more than 50 km away.

Algorithms like RTK long baseline and VBS (virtual base station) have emerged as an alternative. The virtual base station (VBS) algorithm processes surrounding bases to generate a virtual one within a short distance of the moving rover. By doing so, atmospheric errors will continue to be eliminated in the double-difference model, and, presumably, RTK processing will be assured all across continents.

In this paper, a performance assessment of the algorithm is conducted under various conditions, including high ionospheric activity, high baseline, harsh multipath environments and, finally, in a long trajectory. The results show that the developed VBS algorithm ensures centimeter-level accuracy even under the harshest conditions.

Citation. Saidani, M., Sarri, P., Guinamard, A., Maya, D. Gallego, “Virtual Base Station Algorithm and Performance Assessment,” Proceedings of ION GNSS+ 2020, pp. 2696–2709. https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17533

Open-world virtual reality

The Open-World Virtual Reality (OWVR) concept combines precise GNSS positioning and a smartphone-grade inertial sensor to provide globally-referenced centimeter-and-degree accurate tracking of a virtual reality headset. Unlike existing augmented and virtual reality systems, which perform camera-based inside-out headset tracking relative to a local reference frame (for instance, an ad-hoc frame fixed to a living room), OWVR’s globally referenced tracking enables a VR experience in which the user’s outdoor exploration is robust to extremes in lighting conditions and local visual texture. This paper introduces the OWVR concept and presents a prototype system with two candidate sensor-fusion architectures, one loosely and one tightly coupled. Comparative performance is evaluated in terms of tracking accuracy and availability of an integer-aperture-test-validated fixed tracking solution. For scenarios with degraded GNSS availability, which will be typical for outdoor VR, the tightly coupled architecture is shown to offer a critical tracking robustness advantage.

Citation. Humphreys, Todd E., Kor, Ronnie Xian Thong, Iannucci, Peter A., Yoder, James E., “Open-World Virtual Reality Headset Tracking,” Proceedings of ION GNSS+, pp. 2931–2947. https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17635

March 1, 2021
SPH Engineering’s UgCS software now supports Velos UAV helicopter

The Velos UAV helicopter has passed field tests to become the first single-rotor helicopter supported by UgCS software, according to UgCS maker SPH Engineering. UgCS now enables Velos helicopter professionals to use Velos for photogrammetry and lidar drone surveying missions.

UgCS is now able to support the twin-engine telemetry providing input for a UAV. Its newly created Telemetry Viewer can handle extensive telemetry from such complex drones. This allows for optimal flying of the Velos helicopter with a fully redundant twin-motor design and double key components.

UgCS allows for the control and monitoring of one or multiple Velos helicopters on a single mission in both single and multi-operator modes.

Photo: Velos UAV

The field tests were initiated and conducted by GeoInspect, the first company to use c with its Velos helicopter. The new solution allows professionals to fine-tune projects, resulting in maximum performance and very high usability. One of the projects was a fully autonomous test flight with UgCS.

“GeoInspect has been performing lidar surveys successfully with UgCS for many years,” explained Bart Zondag, GeoInspect founder. “Having started with the M600 model, UgCS is now used to support single-rotor UAVs. We have already delivered a Velos V2 with UgCS to one of our customers to the EU Nordics to perform lidar forestry surveys.”

Learn more about the solution by joining a free Zoom webinar on March 4, 2021.

February 25, 2021
Trimble SX12 total station adds features for tunneling

Photo: Trimble

Trimble has introduced its SX12 Scanning Total Station, the next iteration of its 3D scanning total station that provides fast and efficient data capture for surveying, engineering and geospatial professionals.

New features include a high-power laser pointer and high-resolution camera system, expand capabilities in surveying, and complex 3D modeling. The SX12 enables enable new workflows in tunneling and underground mining, Trimble said.

The Trimble SX12 merges high-speed 3D laser scanning, Trimble VISION imaging technology and high-accuracy total station measurements into familiar field and office workflows for surveyors.

A new green, focusable Class 1M laser pointer — safe for viewing with the naked eye — offers high-power visibility and makes it easy to see at a distance. An improved camera system provides enhanced pointing and site documentation capabilities.

“The new SX12 adds more features and applications to an already widely adopted, field-proven scanning total station,” said Gregory Lepere, marketing director of Optical and Imaging for Trimble Geospatial. “The addition of a premium laser pointer completes the picture for surveyors wanting an instrument that can operate as an everyday high-end total station with the added value of scanning and imagery.”

Tunnels and underground mining

The Trimble SX12 allows users to quickly and easily operate with common survey workflows, including new versions of Trimble’s field and office software.

With Trimble Access 2021 Field Software, users can harness the full potential of the Trimble SX12, whether performing accurate measurements or comparing 3D scanning as-built data in the field. The combination is designed for infrastructure projects such as utilities, roads, rail, water, transportation and telecom.

The laser pointer enables new applications for laser-guided drilling and excavation guidance, rock bolt and blast hole set out, and as-built verification for underground tunnel and mine construction.

By integrating rich data from the Trimble SX12 into intuitive office workflows, Trimble Business Center version 5.40 enables users to quickly create complete customer deliverables. With its enhanced point-cloud management, eCogAI automated information extraction, and interoperability to leading CAD and GIS packages, the solution empowers users to exceed even the toughest client demands.

The combination also enables the capture of tunnel point clouds for as-built comparison, automated tunnel extraction routines and detailed 3D mesh inspection resulting in intuitive reporting deliverables for construction verification.

“Tunneling projects are highly dependent on accurate positioning to precisely control equipment and track progress in difficult underground construction environments,” said Boris Skopljak, marketing director of Monitoring and Tunneling for Trimble Geospatial. “The combination of the SX12 and new software workflows, simplifies the capture of site conditions, enabling tunneling and mining surveyors to make accurate and informed decisions without the complexity and additional cost of multiple systems.”

February 24, 2021
Sokkia releases two robotic total stations for survey, layout

Photo: Sokkia

Sokkia has launched two robotic total stations designed to improve job site productivity: the iX-1200 and iX-600.

According to Sokkia, the total stations, designed as a part of a full workflow solution, are professional-level positioning tools for survey and layout in the building construction and infrastructure trades. They’re engineered for integration with field controllers, software and GNSS receivers.

In addition, advanced users can take measurements in almost any environment while switching to the most appropriate technology — total station measurement integrated with GNSS measurement — through an optional upgrade to Hybrid Positioning technology, Sokkia said. The stations also can be seamlessly integrated into BIM workflows.

“The high-performance technologies incorporated into the design provide increased prism-tracking strength,” said Ray Kerwin, director of global product planning. “Through a combination of optical sensing and ultrasonic motors, UltraTrac technology helps users stay locked onto the prism — and productive with less down time resulting from the need to reacquire prism lock — even in dynamic job site conditions. The system also features the RC-PR5A remote controller option used on the prism pole so the user can quickly and simply reestablish the connection between prism and total station.”

The total stations, available in multiple accuracy models, can be used with the SHC6000 field controller and GeoPro or MAGNET Field software for optimal performance, Sokkia added.

February 18, 2021
Shell and DJI partner on drone tech for energy industry

2,300-acre Shell Deer Park Refinery provides complex testbed for aerial inspections and incident response

Photo: SimonSkafar/E+/Getty Images

DJI is partnering with Shell Oil Company to create, test and deploy DJI drone technology at its Deer Park Manufacturing Complex to improve efficiency and worker safety during industrial inspections and emergency incident response.

The Shell Deer Park drone team adopted DJI drones in 2016 to reduce the need to work at height while improving safety and cutting the cost of inspections in the process. As a Solution Development Partner, Shell will work with DJI to develop and test advanced drone solutions, like the DJI Matrice 300 RTK, that allow workers to automate required inspections of critical infrastructure like flare tips and floating roof tanks whose condition and activity are difficult to assess from ground level.

“As one of the world’s largest energy companies, Shell has provided us with valuable insight into the unique challenges of conducting aerial inspections at one of its largest facilities where infrastructure exceeds the height of 250 feet off the ground,” said Cynthia Huang, until recently the director of business development at DJI. “Through our collaboration, DJI will receive valuable first-hand insight into the complexities of deploying drone technology at a world-class refinery, and co-develop new product features like AI Spot-Check that will allow Shell and other innovative energy companies to use drones to safely and easily conduct required inspections of critical infrastructure.”

“Shell Deer Park is excited to become a Solution Development Partner with DJI as we continue to adopt drone technology,” said Shell Deer Park’s Chief Drone Pilot John McClain. “Through this partnership, Shell Deer Park will have access to some of the most advanced drone technology from DJI to help elevate workplace safety and improve efficiency across our operations in the world’s largest industry.”

February 5, 2021

NGS releases annual experimental geoid models and gravity interpolation tools

My last column highlighted an ArcGIS web application that incorporates various datasets and data layers to assist surveyors planning vertical control surveys. On Jan, 29, the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) released the latest experimental geoid model, xGeoid20, and a new gravity interpolation tool (see box below, “NGS Releases Annual e& Gravity Interpolation Tools”).

This newsletter will highlight some attributes of these two new products. First, why am I writing about another experimental geoid model. I discussed xGeoid18 in my December 2018 column and xGeoid16 in my June 2017 column. What’s important here is that this will be the last experimental geoid model until 2022, and the dynamic geoid model has also been updated this year in the form of xDGEOID20.

xDGEOID20 is produced by NGS within the Geoid Monitoring Sƒervice (GeMS) and is part of the new NAPGD2022. Therefore, users only have a few more years to understand the differences between the hybrid geoid model that is being used today to estimate GNSS-derived orthometric heights and the gravimetric geoid model which will be used to estimate North American-Pacific Geopotential Datum of 2022 (NAPGD2022) GNSS-derived orthometric heights.

NGS also announced a new gravity tool, denoted as “The Experimental Gravity Model 2020 (xGRAV20).” xGRAV20 is designed to provide a full-field gravity value and a digital elevation model height at a-specified location. The xGRAV20 model will be important to users that are computing leveling-derived orthometric heights consistent with NAPGD2022.

It is important to note that the xGEOIDs provide a preliminary but increasingly-accurate view of the changes expected from the upcoming NAPGD2022. Also, the xGEOID20 geoid model is the first combination of the geoid models computed by scientists at NGS and Canadian Geodetic Survey (CGS). One unique element to xGEOID20 is that the differences between the A and the B model are due to the contribution of the GRAV-D airborne gravity and differences in methodology.

The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has published annual experimental geoid (xGEOID) models since 2014. Each of these experimental geoids demonstrate the improvements provided by the addition of airborne gravity data (GRAV-D data) and by the refinement of geoid computation methods.

NGS Releases Annual Experimental Geoid Models & Gravity Interpolation Tools. (Image: NGS) — **NGS Releases Annual Experimental Geoid Models & Gravity Interpolation Tools.** (Image: NGS)

First, users can access the xGeoid20 model here. See the box titled Experimental Geoid Models 2020 (xGEOID20).

Experimental Geoid Models 2020 (xGEOID20). (Image: NGS) — **Experimental Geoid Models 2020 (xGEOID20)**. (Image: NGS)

As the image above indicates, the xGEOID20 is available over a very large area. The box below lists the latitude and longitude boundaries of the areas where xGeoid20 is available.

Areas Where xGeoid20 Model Is Available. (Image: NGS) — **Areas Where xGeoid20 Model Is Available.** (Image: NGS)

To use the xGeoid20 Interactive Computation Page, the user can click on the “ACCESS TOOL” button below the map or the Interactive Computation button on the left side of the webpage (see the image above, “Experimental Geoid Models 2020 (xGEOID20)”). I’d like to highlight a statement that NGS added as a note on the computation page:

Coordinates will be processed as IGS14.
The epoch should be in decimal year format and reflect the user-specified output epoch. If no epoch is entered, the tool will use a default epoch equal to the epoch of the static geoid model, which is currently 2020.00.

The user needs to know that the epoch is used to compute the xDGEOID20 value. I will demonstrate how this works later in this column.

xGEOID20 Interactive Computation Page. (Image: NGS) — **xGEOID20 Interactive Computation Page.** (Image: NGS)

As in past xGeoid interactive computations web applications, the user can submit data in various formats. The box titled “Input Formats Permitted for xGeoid20 Webtool” provides a list of the permitted formats. It should be noted that inputting an ellipsoidal height, epoch and name are optional. However, the default epoch is 2020.00, so if you want a different epoch, you need to enter the date. Also. the program will only compute an orthometric height if the user provides an ellipsoidal height.

Input Formats Permitted for xGeoid20 Webtool. (Image: NGS) — **Input Formats Permitted for xGeoid20 Webtool.** (Image: NGS)

Users have the option of getting the output from the xGeoid20 tool on their computer screen or in the CSV format. The box below is an example of inputting data using the screen option. Once you enter your data, the user clicks on the submit button.

Example of Input Format for Screen Option. (Image: NGS) — **Example of Input Format for Screen Option.** (Image: NGS)

The next image shows an example of the output using the screen option. I have highlighted a few numbers that I’d like to address.

Your input in NAD83 (2011) epoch 2010.00 (red). I entered my coordinates as NAD 83 (2011), and it assumed that these coordinates are epoch 2010.0.
Your Result in IGS14 epoch 2020.00 (blue). The routine provides your output coordinates in IGS14, epoch 2020.00. This is the epoch of the static geoid model.
The geoid height of GEOID18 (with respect to NAD83) and the orthometric height in NAVD88 (based on GEOID18) (green). This NAVD 88 value is for comparison purposes only. It is using GEOID18 and provides an estimate of the differences between the future NAPGD2022 and the current NAVD 88. The orthometric height is computed using the following formula: NAD 83 (2011) ellipsoid height (epoch 2010.0} minus GEOID18.
Ortho Height (brown). This is the estimation of the orthometric height using the following formula: IGS14 ellipsoid height (epoch 2020.0} minus xGEOID20A (or B).
Ortho(model)-NAVD88(GEOID18) (purple). These differences are the estimates of the differences between the future NAPGD2022 and the current NAVD 88. It provides the differences for both the xGeoid20A and xGeoid20B model. I look at the B model because it used the GRAV-D data in the development of the model.
Accuracy (yellow). This is the estimated 95% confidence interval for geoid height.

Example of Output Format from Screen Option

xGEOID20 Interactive Computation Output

Note: The GRS80 ellipsoid is used for both NAD83 and IGS14.

N: The geoid height at epoch t0 = 2020.0, which is geocentric and relative to the GRS80 reference ellipsoid.

Accuracy: Estimated 95% confidence interval for geoid height.

DN: The time-dependent geoid change computed between user inputted epoch (t) and t0. To obtain the dynamic geoid height at user inputted epoch (t), add N + DN.
Either Model A or Model B N values may be used for this depending on user preference.

Example of Output Format from Screen Option. (Image: NGS) — **Example of Output Format from Screen Option.** (Image: NGS)

The box below shows an example of inputting data using the CSV option.

Example of Output Format from CSV Option

Note: The GRS80 ellipsoid is used for both NAD83 and IGS14.

N: the geoid height at epoch t0 = 2020.0, which is geocentric and relative to the GRS80 reference ellipsoid.

Accuracy: Estimated 95% confidence interval for geoid height.

DN: the time-dependent geoid change computed between user inputted epoch (t) and t0. To obtain the dynamic geoid height at user inputted epoch (t), add N + DN. Either Model A or Model B N values may be used for this depending on user preference.

Cnt,Station,NAD83_Lat,NAD83_Lon,NAD83_Eht,Input_Epoch,
IGS14_Lat,IGS14_Lon,IGS14_Eht,Output_Epoch,GEOID18_
Ht,Oht_NAVD88,xGEOID20A_Ht,xGEOID20B_Ht,xGEOID20A_Accuracy,
Oht_xGEOID20B,Oht_NAVD88,Oht_Diff(xGEOID20A-NAVD88),Oht_Diff(xGEOID20B-NAVD88),DN,Epoch

0,PA,40.616935533762,77.4066810996784,222.425581993569,
2010.00,40.6169445389,77.4066880139,221.191,2020.00,
-33.685,256.111,-34.475,-34.477,0.039,255.666,255.668,
-0.445,-0.443,0.000,2020.0001,PR,18.2570177272727,66.5508117355371,
6.65385123966942,2010.00,18.2570227778,66.5508102806,
4.776,2020.00,-39.379,46.033,-41.690,-41.679,0.040,46.466,46.455,
0.433,0.422,0.000,2020.000

Example of Input Format for CSV Option. (Image: NGS) — **Example of Input Format for CSV Option.** (Image: NGS)

The printed output from the CSV option looks very confusing, but it can be imported into an excel spreadsheet. The headings and values are all separated by a comma so everything falls into the appropriate columns after importing the data (see image below.)

Example of CSV Output Format Imported into Excel. (Screenshot: David Zilkosky) — **Example of CSV Output Format Imported into Excel.** (Screenshot: David Zilkoski)

Example of CSV Output Format Imported into Excel. (Screenshot: David Zilkoski) — **Example of CSV Output Format Imported into Excel.** (Screenshot: David Zilkoski)

I stated in the xGeoid20 write up that the dynamic geoid model has also been updated this year in the form of xDGEOID20. This model is produced by NGS within the Geoid Monitoring Service (GeMS) and is part of the new NAPGD2022. For a thorough discussion on GeMS and the time-dependent geoid, view the webinar from NGS’ presentation library. See the box titled “GeMS Webinar by Kevin Ahlgren.”

GeMS Webinar by Kevin Ahlgren (available at https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/presentations_library/). (Screenshot: David Zilkoski) — **GeMS Webinar by Kevin Ahlgren** (available at ngs.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/presentations_library). (Screenshot: David Zilkoski)

Also, one of my previous columns described NGS’ GeMS program. The images titled “Examples of the Time-Dependent Geoid Change in Alaska EPOCH 2020.0” and “Examples of the Time-Dependent Geoid Change in Alaska EPOCH 2025.0” show the change in geoid value from Epoch 2020 to Epoch 2025 for two stations in Alaska.

Examples of the Time-Dependent Geoid Change in Alaska EPOCH 2020.0. (Image: NGS) — **Examples of the Time-Dependent Geoid Change in Alaska EPOCH 2020.0.** (Image: NGS)

Examples of the Time-Dependent Geoid Change in Alaska, EPOCH 2025.0. (Image: NGS) — **Examples of the Time-Dependent Geoid Change in Alaska, EPOCH 2025.0.** (Image: NGS)

First, looking at the box titled “Examples of the Time-Dependent Geoid Change in Alaska EPOCH 2020.0,” the change between NAPGD2022 and NAVD 88 is approximately 1 meter. Users should note that the GEOID12B is used to establish the NAVD 88 height. Alaska was not included in GEOID18. Comparing the two Alaska labeled boxes, the xDGEOID2022 change between 2020.0 and 2025.0 is –4 mm. I will address this topic in more detail in future newsletters.

As stated by NGS news announcement, “The xGEOID models provide a preliminary but increasingly-accurate view of the changes expected from the upcoming North American-Pacific Geopotential Datum of 2022 (NAPGD2022).” NGS has produced many figures that describe the bias and trend between the future NADGP2022 and NAVD 88. In my June 2017 column I provided a plot that depicted the difference between NAPGD2022 and NAVD 88 based on the GPS on Bench Mark dataset. See the image below.

Figure from June 2017 Survey Scene column. (Image: NGS) — **Figure from June 2017 *Survey Scene* column.** Approximate Change Between NAPGD2022 and NAVD 88 Using GPS on BMs Data (units = cm). (Image: NGS)

These figures provide a broad picture of the change but to better understand the changes across the Nation, I used the GPS on Bench Mark dataset, that was involved in the creation of Geoid18 model, to compute an average latitude, longitude, and ellipsoid height for every State. Obviously, this is a fictitious mark but it provides an idea of the average change based on marks that have both a GNSS-derived ellipsoid and a leveling-derived orthometric height. The plot titled “Difference Between the Future NAPGD2022 and NAVD 88” depicts the average difference for each state based on the GPS on Bench Mark data file. These differences were generated using the xGeoid20B values from the output of the xGeoid20 website.

Difference Between the Future NAPGD2022 and NAVD 88. (Image: NGS) — **Difference Between the Future NAPGD2022 and NAVD 88.** (Image: NGS)

I would encourage everyone to select a couple of marks and compute the differences to understand the change in their particular region. I was the NAVD 88 Project Manager and I informed users of the potential changes between the NGVD 29 and NAVD 88 for about a decade, and I still had surveyors tell me that they didn’t know it was coming. Please take a few minutes to read NGS’ write up on xGEOID20, estimate the differences in your area of interest, and spread the word to your colleagues, friends, and clients.

The last item that I’d like to highlight is that NGS has released a beta version of a surface gravity model consistent with xGEOID20. See the box titled “Experimental Surface Gravity Model 2020 (xGRAV20).” Users can access the beta webtool here.

Experimental Surface Gravity Model 2020 (xGRAV20). (Image: NGS) — **Experimental Surface Gravity Model 2020 (xGRAV20).** (Image: NGS)

The access and input to the tool is similar to the xGEOID20 web tool. Saying that, I’d like highlight a few items:

The input height should be an orthometric type of height not an ellipsoid height.
If a height is entered, the tool will assume that is correct and use it for the gravity prediction.
If you do not know the elevation, leave the entry blank. The tool will use the DEM interpolated height if it is blank.

xGRAV20 Interactive Computation Page. (Image: NGS) — **xGRAV20 Interactive Computation Page.** (Image: NGS)

The box below provides the output using the tools sample data.

Output from Screen Output Format from xGRAV20 Tool. (Image: NGS) — **Output from Screen Output Format from xGRAV20 Tool.** (Image: NGS)

This gravity tool will be important when users want to incorporate leveling-derived orthometric heights into NAPGD2022. We will address this tool in more detail in future newsletters. I want to emphasis that these two web tools are beta sites. As a beta site, users should verify all information from the site. I encourage everyone to access the tool and check out a few of their favorite marks, and then send an email to NGS informing them of what you like, what you would like to change, and what you would like to see added to the tool.

NGS is releasing this tool as a beta product to get feedback from users. They are interested in your feedback concerning its function and usability as well as how users would like to interact with NGS web tools in the future. Email NGS at [email protected].

In conclusion, I want to leave you with a thought about change. When I give presentations and seminars, I usually include a slide that probably expresses the thoughts of many individuals.

My brother once told me:

“If you geodesists did it correctly the first time you wouldn’t have to keep performing adjustments and changing the values. Just do it right the first time.”

He’s a doctor and said he must do it right the first time.

My response to my brother and to everyone else is the following:

If you want to improve you have to be willing to change, and if you want to continue to meet future positioning requirements you need to continually change.

Winston Churchill said it better “To improve is to change; to be perfect is to change often.”

February 3, 2021

SPH Engineering provides drone-integrated metal detection

Screenshot: UgSC

SPH Engineering has launched a drone-integrated metal detection system with a Geonics EM61Lite metal detector, a new product of UgCS Industrial Solutions. The same performance and robustness available for users of the standard EM61-MK2 time domain metal detector are now available for airborne use.

The new system is capable of detecting metallic (magnetic and non-magnetic) items in the first few meters under the surface, finding metallic objects in hard-to-reach or dangerous areas.

Applications include unexploded ordnance (UXO) search, detection of underground infrastructure and archaeology. The integrated system has been extensively tested at SPH Engineering’s test range, and has shown excellent performance and repeatability for targets such as pipes (steel, stainless steel, reinforced concrete) and steel drums.

The system uses an airborne (less heavy) modification of the Geonics EM61-MK2 ground metal detector. The EM61 Lite airborne variant integrates with the UgCS SkyHub onboard computer and ground control station.

Features include automatic data logging in geotagged form and automatic terrain following with radar altimeter. The use of UgCS SkyHub enables the drone to fly in true terrain following (TTF) mode with the help of the radar altimeter and to log geotagged sensor data.

An optional RTK/PPK GNSS receiver on the drone will geotag the data with centimeter-level precision.

January 11, 2021
SkyTraq offers multi-band GNSS receiver with 1-cm position accuracy

Photo: SkyTraq

SkyTraq is offering a 12 x 16 millimeter multi-band real-time kinematic (RTK) receiver for centimeter-level accuracy positioning applications. The PX1122R works with all the four GNSS, using GPS L1/L2C, Galileo E1/E5b, GLONASS L1/L2 and Beidou B1I/B2I signals concurrently to maximize positioning availability even in difficult urban environments.

A single-chip system-on-chip, the PX1122R is designed to deliver reliable, centimeter-level accuracy positioning for autonomous unmanned ground or aerial vehicles, the internet of things, and traditional land surveying and precision farming applications.

The PX1122R has an RTK initialization time under 10 seconds and a maximum update rate of 10 Hz. Its update rate provides in-time positioning with a fast response time and improved guidance for fast-moving applications, the company said.

Moving-base RTK for GNSS precise heading is also supported. By using two PX1122R and two antennas with 1-meter separation, highly accurate 1-sigma heading accuracy of 0.13 degree can be obtained; such heading accuracy is immune to magnetic interference and unaffected by the receiver’s speed.

The PX1122R can serve as a key component to provide precise position and heading information for autonomous applications. PX1122R sample, data sheet and evaluation boards are available now.

Founded in 2005, SkyTraq Technology Inc. develops high-performance chipset and module solutions for the consumer market. Its initial product is L1-GPS-centric, and now its products cover L1, L2, L5, L6 band GPS/GLONASS /Beidou/Galileo/QZSS/NavIC/SBAS applications.

January 11, 2021
The year 2020 and the surveyor: What we learned

If there were ever a time to sit back and reflect on things that have happened in the last calendar year, the year 2020 will be the poster child for the next few generations (at least I hope so…). Because of several things that have happened worldwide in the profession of surveying, let us take this opportunity to look back on a year that was filled with new equipment, emerging technology and government interaction that will have a lasting effect on our surveying horizon.

Look at all of these wonderful toys

There was no shortage of introductions to new equipment for surveyors, especially in the GNSS receiver market. While combining GNSS capability with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) is not a new concept, the Big Three of Leica, Topcon and Trimble introduced new or upgraded versions of their latest receivers taking full advantage of the technology. The benefit of having the IMU integrated within the receiver is the ability to “tilt” the instrument yet having the calculated position remain at the tip of the receiver pole.

Photo: Trimble

Leica, however, takes the tilting feature to another level with an integrated camera that allows for close-range photographs to capture additional information through remote sensing software. The data extracted from the photographs can be simple points (and verified in the data collector while in the field) or point clouds that can be integrated into larger projects through the Leica office software.

These new receivers, along with upgraded models from smaller providers, have opened the GNSS market to many more users well beyond surveying. The combination of more capability through advancing satellite constellations, more robust processors, and reduced receiver sizes have continued to drive GNSS positioning growth.

Photo: Hexagon

Manufacturers are using these increased capabilities to promote better coverage to obtain positions under heavier canopies and less likelihood for multi-path errors. While I remain cautious about these claims of increased coverage, I also maintain that with any tool, measurements and positions must have proper and appropriate validation. However, I am impressed that the technology continues to advance with what was once seen as only applicable to the open sky.

Not all the new technology has emerged through the GNSS receiver product lines; several less visible but valuable features have been introduced within the robotic total station lines. The manufacturers continue to push their equipment to react faster, stay locked on targets better, and provide more reliable solutions to data collection and construction layout. Data collectors continue to evolve with larger screens and more software capability, with some rivaling their desktop counterparts.

As cellular networks grow in both size and speed, more direct connections between field and office are being made with faster response time to data transfer. Data collection can take place in the field and be analyzed by an office technician as it happens. Go another step further and add an aerial background image to the collector and/or the office computer; now each team member can confirm that the information being collected is sufficient for the project in real-time.

Another technology that continues to advance is remote sensing, with more devices being introduced and with increased software capabilities. Besides new and upgraded offerings from the surveying-based manufacturers, other device makers are introducing products that offer remote sensing to the masses. The biggest news in this arena was the announcement from Apple that the iPhone 12 Pro and iPad Pro would come equipped with lidar sensing technology along with incredible photographic capabilities.

While there does not seem to be specific apps developed for surveyors at press time, it is safe to say that there will be in short order. It is also a safe bet that having this capability on a mass-produced device will put pressure on the surveying and mapping equipment manufacturers to be cost-competitive on their own proprietary devices or risk losing out on market share.

UAVs continue to be the fastest-growing segment of the surveying industry. More vehicle, sensor and software providers are coming to market to offer the surveyor a variety of choices. DJI continues to lead the way in the multi-rotor category with new products and sensors while other manufacturers are embracing the fixed-wing and vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) platform for greater range.

Just like their automobile brethren, flight time continues to increase with discoveries of new battery compositions and weight considerations. The sensor market is expanding to include more affordable lidar units, as well as new technology in multispectral identification, gas and noxious odor detection, and much more.

Software developers, too, continue to refine and expand the features found in their geospatial offerings with advancing technology and programming. Google Maps is the default navigation app for many smartphone users, but like anything utilizing GNSS in dense urban areas, the users find themselves bouncing all over the map.

While surveyors recognize this as multipath, the smartphone user does not have any way to remedy this trouble. Google recognizes this issue and has been working on a programming fix to help minimize these positional errors. This is another example of how precise position determination has become a significant goal for our society, with the more correct position, the better.

Meanwhile, in Washington D.C….

2020 did not see any shortage of government action for the surveying and mapping community. As with many topics that come out of the nation’s capital, it should not surprise anyone that several of the items considered by the federal government and its agencies were not without controversy.

The biggest and most controversial item continues to be the advancement of Ligado (formerly known as LightSquared) and the development of new communication technology that has been shown to interfere with the GPS transmission bands. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), led by Chairman Ajit V. Pai, has been successful in holding off all challenges to the new technology including ones from current legislators and defense staff.

The main argument from the FCC is the value of the system as a provider of 5G communication to a substantial portion of the country. They also make statements that safeguards are being taken to protect the GPS spectrum, yet many studies from outside parties show otherwise. The fight over this spectrum will continue into 2021, and it will be interesting to see if the new administration will see things from a different perspective.

Several items to come out of Washington, D.C., late in the year were the blacklisting of DJI and the announcement of new UAV rules for flying over crowds and at night. With the DJI ruling, it is now illegal for government agencies to use the Chinese-based UAV maker for any activities. Based upon the significant market share of DJI, one can only wait to see how this situation plays out, and if the ban is expanded to private individuals.

The FAA announcement on the new UAV flight rules was surprising but not unexpected. In addition to establishing flight limitations over crowds and at night, it also established a timeframe for requiring most UAVs to transmit a Remote ID during flight for determining who is flying and where they are located. Compliance with these rules will be required by the manufacturer within 18 months and by UAV pilots within 30 months.

The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has also been busy during 2020 preparing new datums and specifications for upcoming changes to the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS). Among those changes are the deprecation of the U.S. Survey Foot, beta testing of the latest geoid model (GEOID20), and new software tools for transforming positional information between datums. It was also announced that the release of the modernized NSRS scheduled for 2022 was being delayed.

NGS continues to work with each state on the improved state plane coordinate systems and/or low distortion projection systems that will be implemented with the new NSRS rollout. All these efforts have been a monumental task (no pun intended) and kudos go out to NGS for getting everything this far.

Pandemic 2020 (No, this is not a movie or a drill)

As we covered in the May 2020 Survey Scene article, COVID-19 was unlike anything we had been exposed before. Initial reports tried to relate the virus to typical influenza and the H1N1 outbreak in 2009, but the rapid transmission and sheer volume of cases (and deaths) mostly eliminated those comparisons.

From a technical viewpoint, the situation with COVID-19 has no bearing on GNSS operations and positional establishment. An operator of a GNSS receiver, and the business of surveying, is greatly affected by the presence of COVID-19 so it does deserve more than a brief mention in a retrospective look at the past year. This virus upended everything; from data collection and survey-related activities to computations and final drafting, the business of surveying felt the effects.

Once the initial challenges of keeping everyone safe were addressed, it became a year-long marathon of providing surveying services to clients that did not let the pandemic hinder their progress. Field crews were under significant pressure to maintain social distancing at every turn, while office staff dealt with home Wi-Fi and lack of access to normal business conditions such as large-format printing.

Video calls and instant messaging quickly became the norm, yet also became the scourge of dealing with the day-to-day operations of a business. The “normal” work/life balance with families, school, and social activities has disappeared and a more challenging approach has replaced that balance. Fingers are crossed that people will adhere to social distancing protocols and can get vaccinated as soon as possible so we can resume a portion of our previous lifestyles.

However, we do have several positive things to take away from the challenges of the pandemic that will make our lives better going forward. Our reliance on geolocation became quite clear throughout the pandemic. Whether it is using it to help establish contact tracing or as simple as having a delivery service bring necessities straight to your door, almost everyone relies on geolocation for helping guide them through the “new normal.”

We are using our smartphones to track our family members and help keep them out of harm’s way. It would be hard to imagine how much more difficult this situation would have been before cellphone and GNSS integration.

Graphic: World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019).

Another leap forward that most people are not aware of is the publicizing of GIS dashboards and incredible analysis of the geolocation of people worldwide. While GIS dashboards have been in existence for many years, it is only now that the public has paid attention to the vast information available to them.

From providing numbers of cases to graphically depicting “hotspots” across the world, these dashboards are full of useful information to help people understand the size of this pandemic, the places where mitigation is working, and where additional restrictions are being put in place to help reduce the spread of COVID-19.

The ability to merge geolocations with physical conditions and situations into a real-time mapping solution can help reduce the spread of the virus. By combining GNSS technology with advanced computing power and data storage, the power of GIS has been brought to the front page of public agencies and news sites.

While we still enjoy watching movies with superheroes, the true heroes during this pandemic are the frontline health workers, first responders and data analysts/programmers who bring us this timely information quickly. A hearty thank you goes out to all of them for their efforts and dedication to the cause.

In memoriam

Photo: GPS World staff

The year 2020 also brought losses to every corner of the world and the surveying community was not spared. There are very few individuals we call pioneers in the surveying industry, so to include Dr. Javad Ashjaee among that group is no small feat. His contributions to the surveying profession helped turn every practitioner into a geospatial information provider.

From his early days at Trimble pioneering the commercial-grade receiver to creating his company at Ashtech and embracing GLONASS with GPS, he continued to expand the capability of the GNSS receiver. Many surveyors today only know his name through his latest company, Javad GNSS, and the unique line of receivers and measuring devices and their distinctive green color.

Cover photo: Ed Koziarski

Dr. Ashjaee was a big part of the GNSS revolution, so next time you starts up their receiver to collect survey data, take a moment to thank him. It was my pleasure to meet and interview him at the 2017 Intergeo trade show in Berlin to talk about his product line. I was also able to test-drive his incredible GNSS products for a feature in GPS World magazine on using smartphones for data collectors.

To say the man will be missed is a big understatement and I wish his family well on continuing his company and tradition of making great leaps in technology.

January 6, 2021
Emlid launches Reach RS2 multi-band RTK receiver

Photo: Emlid

Emlid has debuted the Reach RS2, a fully-featured multi-band RTK receiver. All of its features are available out of the box, along with a survey app for iOS and Android.

The Reach RS2 tracks L1/L2 bands on GPS, GLONASS and BeiDou, and L1/L5 on Galileo, and acquires a fixed solution in seconds. It achieves centimeter-level precision for surveying, mapping and navigation and maintains robust performance even in challenging conditions. Centimeter accuracy can be achieved on distances up to 60 km in RTK and 100 km in PPK mode.

Up to 22 hours of autonomous work when logging data and up to 16 hours as a 3G rover, even in cold weather—no more need to carry spare batteries with you. Reach RS2 can charge from a USB wall charger or a power bank over USB-C.

Reach RS2 comes with a free app for iOS and Android called ReachView, which supports thousands of coordinate systems worldwide. With ReachView, users can fully configure their Reach receiver, enable RINEX data logging, and survey in RTK.

Reach RS2 also features a power-efficient 3.5G HSPA modem with 2G fallback and global coverage. Corrections can be accessed or broadcast over NTRIP independently, without relying on an internet connection on a smartphone.

Base for RTK Drone. The Reach RS2 can be used as a base station for drone mapping, using an RTK drone such as the DJI Phantom 4.

A new service offered by Emlid is Emlid Caster, a free way to pass corrections between receivers over the internet. Emlid Caster works with any NTRIP-capable device.

E38 Survey Solutions, an Emlid dealer in the United States, conducted a case study with the Reach RS2.

December 29, 2020