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Category: GNSS
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First GPS III satellite completes critical test
The first GPS III satellite has passed a critical test, according to satellite builder Lockheed Martin.
Rick Ambrose, executive vice president of Lockheed Martin Space Systems of Denver, tweeted that the satellite has successfully its thermal vacuum test (TVAC).
Critical TVAC test for @usairforce’s first GPS III satellite successfully completed! pic.twitter.com/fYx6MJK4On
— Rick Ambrose (@RickAmbroseSSC) January 13, 2016
Lockheed Martin Space Systems is the prime contractor on the GPS III program to build the next-generation of navigation satellites, a total of eight in the original contract. The contract includes options for up to four more satellites, and the Air Force has told Congress it expects to execute options for at least two of those satellites.
The first GPS III satellite is expected to launch in 2017.
The first GPS III satellite completed its thermal vacuum test successfully. (Photo: Lockheed Martin) -
Fifth IRNSS satellite on schedule to launch
Fully integrated PSLV-C31 with IRNSS-1E on the launchpad. (Photo: IRNSS) The fifth satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) constellation is ready for lift-off. IRNSS-1E will launch at 0401 GMT Wednesday (11:01 p.m. EST Tuesday) from Satish Dhawan Space Center on Sriharikota Island, on India’s east coast.
As in the previous four launches of IRNSS satellites, the navigation satellite will ride aboard a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). This is the 33rd launch for the PSLV.
The IRNSS-E1 satellite will join four previous craft launched for the regional IRNSS navigational system, which is aimed towards South Asia to increase accuracy of navigation, tracking and mapping services. The entire IRNSS constellation of seven satellites is planned for completion this year.
IRNSS-1E has a lift-off mass of 1425 kg. The configuration of IRNSS-1E is similar to that of IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C and 1D. IRNSS-1D launched in March 2015.
IRNSS -1E carries two types of payloads — navigation payload and ranging payload. The navigation payload of IRNSS-1E will transmit navigation service signals to the users. This payload will be operating in L5-band and S-band. A highly accurate Rubidium atomic clock is part of the navigation payload of the satellite.
The ranging payload of IRNSS-1E consists of a C-band transponder which facilitates accurate determination of the range of the satellite. IRNSS-1E also carries Corner Cube Retro Reflectors for laser ranging.
IRNSS-1E Integration in progress at clean room. (Photo: IRNSS) 
IRNSS-1E spacecraft integrated with PSLV-C31, with the two halves of the heat shields. (Photo: IRNSS) -
Optimal search strategies, open-interface receiver: New speakers for webinar on GNSS receiver design
New speakers have been announced for the Jan. 21 webinar “GNSS Receiver Design: New MEMS Components, Optimal Search Strategies.”
The new speakers are Esther Anyaegbu, a senior systems architect at Intel Mobile Communication (UK), and Matthias Overbeck, group manager of the Precise GNSS Receiver program at the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (Germany).
They join Mark Petovello, professor in the Position, Location And Navigation (PLAN) Group in the Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, and Sandy Kennedy, director and chief engineer, core receiver cards, from NovAtel, in making presentations during the webinar. Register free here.
Guest speakers for the Jan. 21 webinar are Mark Petovello, Esther Anyaegbu, Matthias Overbeck and Sandy Kennedy. Anyaegbu’s subject is Optimal Search Strategies in a Multi-constellation Environment. Traditional methods for satellite search and acquisition have been dominated by methods best suited for GPS. The signal performance analyses using five different GNSS constellations are combined to give an optimal search strategy which exploits the advantages of the signal structures of the different GNSS signals.
Overbeck will present on the GNSS Receiver with Open Software Interface (GOOSE) hardware platform, which provides a development chain from experimental PCIe slot card to an embedded GNSS receiver. The main benefits for potential product developers are an improved development process for GNSS receiver firmware, the possibility to embed application-specific software on the receiver, an access to all potentially relevant data for an improved position solution based on open white-box approach and the enabling of deeply coupled inertial sensors.
Petovello will cover the topic of his January cover story in GPS World magazine (with co-author Bernhard Aumayer), MEMS Oscillators on the Move. Advances in micro-electro-mechanical sensors (MEMS) technology include temperature-sensing MEMS oscillators (TSMO). Pairing a TSMO with a GNSS receiver, the authors successfully performed carrier-phase positioning and obtained accuracies better than typically required for automotive applications. MEMS oscillators can present space and cost advantages in integrated circuit assembly.
They will be joined on the webinar panel by Sandy Kennedy of NovAtel, whose topic will be announced soon. Each speaker will talk for 10–12 minutes, with slides, and there will be a question-and-answer period with the audience to conclude the hour.
The Jan. 21 Receiver Design webinar is sponsored by NovAtel.
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DARPA hosts Proposers Day on new atomic clock
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is holding a Proposers Day on Feb. 1 to inform potential contractors about the Atomic Clock with Enhanced Stability (ACES) program.
ACES is a potential $50 million program that seeks to develop battery-powered atomic clocks that work to provide warfighters with synchronization and precision timing capabilities during navigation, communications, electronic warfare and reconnaissance missions in the event of a GPS shutdown.
The registration deadline for the Proposers Day is 5 p.m. EST on Jan. 25. The Proposers Day will be held Feb. 1 from 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. EST at the DARPA Conference Center, 675 N. Randolph Street, Arlington, Virginia 22203.
The host is Robert Lutwak, ACES program manager at DARPA. In 2012, GPS World awarded Lutwak its Leadership Award for Products.
The meeting will provide information and promote additional discussion on the ACES program, address questions from potential proposers, and provide an opportunity for potential proposers to share their capabilities and ideas for teaming arrangements.
The ACES Proposers Day will include overview presentations by government personnel, technical presentations by potential proposers and collaborators, and an open poster session to facilitate interaction and teaming.
According to the Department of Defense (DoD), “Precision timing and synchronization is essential to DoD communications, navigation, reconnaissance, and electronic warfare systems. The requirements for timing precision and stability have grown increasingly demanding as DoD systems have evolved towards distributed engagement and surveillance architectures, and this trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future.
“The ACES program aims to develop portable, battery‐powered atomic clocks with stability, repeatability, and environmental sensitivity approaching that of laboratory‐grade cesium beam frequency standards. This will be accomplished through research, development and integration of reduced SWaP components and technologies for advanced atomic physics interrogation techniques. These include, but are not limited to, laser‐cooled and magneto‐optically trapped atomic samples, and RF‐trapped ion samples, as well as interrogation of less environmentally‐sensitive microwave and optical transitions.”
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New USAF RFP published for GPS III satellites
The GPS Directorate at the Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) continues to look for someone to build 22 GPS III satellites in the near future.
SMC issued a request for proposals on Jan. 8, with rather complicated terms. The first eight GPS III satellites are already under contract, and two have been built, but delivery and launch schedules have dragged. The Air Force incorporated several other payload requirements for the satellites, beyond those of new GPS signals themselves.
This is the Air Force’s third effort to find a builder.
The RFP is for “11+ Phase 1 Production Readiness Feasibility Assessment. “ It covers GPS III space vehicles 11 and beyond. The process, if followed as the Air Force envisions, will award up to three relatively small fixed-price contracts.
Artist’s concept of a GPS III satellite in orbit, courtesy of Lockheed Martin. According to an Air Force press release, “The scope of this effort includes the current GPS III SV01–08 technical baseline with the addition of redesigned Nuclear Detonation Detection System (NDS), Search and Rescue/GPS (SAR/GPS), and Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) payloads, Unified S-Band (USB) compliance, Regional Military Protection capability No changes are allowed to the GPS Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX) or Military GPS User Equipment (MGUE) interfaces.”
The first Air Force effort to recompete the contract for future GPS III satellites came in 2014. A 2015 initiative lowered the bar as far as requirements, but also lowered the award very dramatically, from $200 million each for two companies to $6 million each for three companies.
The 2016 announcement appears on the surface to replicate the terms of the 2015 campaign. There has been no official explanation as to why the terms changed between 2014 and 2015, and why they did not between 2015 and 2016.
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PNT Roundup: Taviga collaboration, leap second reconsidered and drone rules
eLoran
New joint venture to ensure, assure secure PNT
The founders of Chronos and UrsaNav have formed a new collaboration, named Taviga, that will focus on preserving and establishing low-frequency (LF) positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) networks in the United Kingdom, Europe and the U.S., using repurposed Loran-C or purpose-built eLoran technology.
Taviga aims to ensure timing and navigation for critical infrastructure, protecting it from cyber and other threats, and addressing the concern that over-dependence on single systems for PNT increases vulnerability.
According to a joint press release, “Taviga combines the founders’ decades of experience specializing in low-frequency (LF) PNT technology and industrial timing applications at national and international levels. Its objective is to provide a commercially operated assured LF PNT service.”
Partner with Government. Charles Curry of Chronos Technology Ltd. in the UK and Charles Schue of UrsaNav Inc. in the U.S. joined forces to launch Taviga Ltd. and Taviga LLC. Taviga anticipates working in partnership with government agencies and other entities that have a vested interest in reducing the vulnerability and improving the resilience of critical national infrastructure with a dependency on the GPS and other GNSS sources of PNT.
“We have been researching the precise timing capability of eLoran transmissions for over 10 years,” Curry said. “During that time, the system has never failed, and most impressively it has continued to deliver sub-microsecond time accuracy traceable to UTC in very challenging locations, including deep inside buildings.
“Our research program was supported by the UK’s Innovation Agency — Innovate UK through two flagship projects, GAARDIAN and SENTINEL,” Curry continued. “These two projects highlighted the vulnerabilities that threaten GPS signals (and in the future, Galileo) such as jamming, interference and spoofing. They also demonstrated how eLoran is a technically dissimilar source of PNT and not vulnerable to the same types of interference. eLoran is a truly complementary source of PNT, ideal for use in critical infrastructure applications such as telecoms, broadcasting, financial services and power utilities.
“Every government, academic and industrial study has resulted in the selection of the LF technology known as Enhanced Loran, or eLoran, as the best wide-area complement to GNSS,” UrsaNav’s Schue added. “There is no doubt that the combination of GNSS and eLoran provides the PNT resilience that most users require.
“Integrated GNSS-eLoran solutions can provide the proof-of-time and proof-of-position necessary to safeguard national infrastructure and for business continuity of operations,” Schue said. “Adding eLoran to the PNT mix enables or enhances capabilities of regional and purpose-built solutions. Overreliance on a single solution is neither prudent nor safe.”
Tests led by Chronos and using UrsaNav’s eLoran receiver engine have consistently demonstrated positioning accuracies of better than 10 m and timing accuracies of less than 100 nanoseconds in the area of differential eLoran reference sites.
Taviga’s goal is the long-term operation of an eLoran system for at least 10 years, a period that provides the necessary service assurance continuity to enable industrial users to invest with confidence in an eLoran-based timing and navigation service that complements their GNSS solutions. As users become accustomed to the capabilities and resilience of a combined GNSS-eLoran solution, Taviga expects to expand the service footprint worldwide.
Timing
Leap second lives on
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-15) decided that further studies are required on the impact and application of a future reference time-scale, including the modification of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and suppressing the so-called “leap second.”
Leap seconds are added periodically to adjust to irregularities in the Earth’s rotation in relation to UTC, the current reference for measuring time, in order to remain close to mean solar time (UT1). A leap second was added most recently on June 30 at 23:59:60 UTC. The proposal to suppress the leap second would have made continuous reference timescale available for all modern electronic navigation and computerized systems to operate while eliminating the need for specialized ad hoc time systems.
A report will be considered by the World Radiocommunication Conference in 2023. Until then, UTC shall continue to be applied as described in Recommendation ITU‑R TF.460‑6.
Disconnect from the Sun? As a representative of the Lick Observatory of the University of California stated, “a problem is that simply omitting leap seconds would redefine the meaning of the word “day” so that it is not related to the sun in the sky, nor connected with the rotation of the Earth.”
“Modern society is increasingly dependent on accurate timekeeping,” said ITU Secretary-General Houlin Zhao.“ITU is responsible for disseminating time signals by both wired communications and by different radiocommunication services, both space and terrestrial, which are critical for all areas of human activity.”
Further studies will be coordinated by ITU along with several other international organizations.
Inertial/GNSS
Drone rules, registry
The Federal Aviation Administration announced in December an official rule and registration process for hobbyists who own small unmanned aircraft weighing more than 0.55 pounds and less than 55 pounds, including payloads such as on-board cameras.
The online registration system does not yet support registration of small UAS used for any purpose other than hobby or recreation — for example, using an unmanned aircraft in connection with a business. The FAA is developing enhancements that will allow such online registrations by spring of 2016.
The registration procedure is a statutory requirement that applies to all hobby aircraft. Under this rule, any owner of a small UAS who has previously operated an unmanned aircraft exclusively as a model aircraft prior to Dec. 21, 2015, must register no later than Feb. 19, 2016. Owners of any other UAS purchased for use as a model aircraft after Dec. 21, 2015, must register before the first flight outdoors.
Owners may register through a web-based system or paper-based process. There is a $5 registration fee, but the FAA is offering a full rebate for those who register before Jan. 20, 2016.
Under the rule, each aircraft must be marked with a unique number, although not necessarily the serial number. The goal is to help authorities track down an owner if a drone collides with another aircraft, flies too high or encroaches on an airport.
Owners using the model aircraft for hobby or recreation will only have to register once and may use the same identification number for all of their model UAS. The registration is valid for three years.
“We expect hundreds of thousands of model unmanned aircraft will be purchased this holiday season,” FAA Administrator Michael Huerta said. “Registration gives us the opportunity to educate these new airspace users before they fly so they know the airspace rules and understand they are accountable to the public for flying responsibly.”
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Research Online: Receiver with open software interface
For research purposes, the GNSS Receivers with Open Software Interface (GOOSE) hardware platform provides a development chain from experimental PCIe slot card to a professional embedded GNSS receiver.
The platform can be seen as a hardware-assisted software receiver where computational complex methods are implemented on digital FPGA hardware whereas algorithms can be developed and implemented on receiver side on a user-friendly GNU/Linux system. A transparent access to the hardware is made available via the Open GNSS Receiver Protocol that gives deep access to the hardware control and enables deepcoupling of inertial sensors and optimized precise positioning solutions.
It is therefore targeted at researchers, software developers and algorithm experts to build up new methods and applications. At the end of the project, 20 GOOSE platforms will be available for selected researchers for free.
The main benefits for potential product developers are an improved development process for GNSS receiver firmware, the possibility to embed application-specific software on the receiver, an access to all potentially relevant data for an improved position solution based on open white-box approach and the enabling of deeply coupling inertial sensors.
By Matthias Overbeck, Fabio Garzia, Alexander Popugaev, Oliver Kurz, Frank Forster, and Wolfgang Felber, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits, and Ayse Sicramaz Ayaz, Sunjun Ko, and Bernd Eissfeller, Universitat der Bundeswehr, Germany. Presented at ION GNSS+ 2015.
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Out in Front: Resilient navigation and timing
Space maps of some of 13,986 satellites, below, and some navigation satellites, above (courtesy Esri). 
Alan Cameron Advocacy in the U.S. capital urges augmentation of GPS/GNSS with eLoran and other “complementary terrestrial PNT services to increase resilience.” See the Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation’s website, rntfnd.org. This is assuredly a good thing, a worthy cause.
I’ve come to believe, however, that true resilience goes beyond what we normally think of as position and timing sensors. Stimulus comes from a keynote lecture by Dawn Wright, Esri chief scientist, at the 2015 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting. I hope Esri or the AGU will publish the lecture or post the video. For now, bear with my limited rendition.
In “Toward a Digital Resilience, with a Dash of Location Enlightenment,” Wright describes the new science of big data: the flood of info from satellites, sensors and other measuring systems; the issues inherent in large data sets; and the insight discovered through their manipulation and exploration. She talks to geographic information systems professionals, software makers and users, but her remarks resonate beyond that associated industry sector and well into that of PNT hardware, where we live.
Integrate, integrate, integrate! Interoperability and crosswalking with other systems and data sets. To make it reproducible, make it virtual — as in virtual, living journals. These are three of the eight ideas toward digital resilience that she espouses, making communities more resilient with tools and data.
I’ll return to this in a later editorial; there’s much around which still to wrap my head. But here’s the moral: resilient PNT will ultimately mean more than complementary sensors. It will entail a seamless mesh of hardware and software, of pre-existing and new data, much of it from sources we don’t currently consider PNT-relevant, of input from amateur app makers and users and more.
It’s a big universe out there.
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CES 2016: Atmel launches low-power connected platform targeting IoT, wearables
Logo: Atmel Atmel Corporation has launched an ultra-low-power connected platform for cost-optimized applications for the Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable markets, the company announced in a news release. The platform is being showcased at CES 2016, held Jan 6–9 in Las Vegas, in Atmel’s meeting room area, South Hall 2, booth No. MP25760.
“The new platform features the world’s lowest power ARM Cortex-M0+, the Atmel SMART SAM L21 and BTLC1000 Bluetooth SMART solution, making it the perfect solution for battery-operated applications requiring activity and environment monitoring,” the company said.
The SAM L21 achieves a ULPBench score of 185, the highest recorded score for any Cortex-M0+ while running the EEMBC ULPBench, the industry marker for low power, with a power consumption down to 35µA/MHz in active mode and 200nA in sleep mode.”
Atmel’s Bluetooth SMART solution is 25 percent smaller than the closest competing solution packaged in a 2.2 by 2.1 millimeter Wafer Level Chipscale Package, the company says, enabling designers to build ultra-small industrial designs for next-generation connected IoT and wearable applications.
Embodied in a 30 by 40 millimeter form factor, the platform integrates the Atmel SMART ultra-low power MCU, Bluetooth SMART low-energy connectivity, capacitive touch interface, security solution, complete software platform, real-time operating system (RTOS), a BHI160 6-axis SmartHub motion sensor and a BME280 environmental sensor from Bosch Sensortec. The platform can be powered by a simple coin cell utilizing extremely low power consumption, and manufacturers can also leverage Atmel’s extensive list of sensor partners.
To simplify the design process, the new platform is compatible with Atmel’s flagship Studio 7, an integrated development environment, along with Atmel Start, a web-based platform for software configuration and code generation.
“As a leading provider of ultra-low power IoT solutions, we know that out-of-the-box, easy to implement reference platforms are a necessity to help accelerate the adoption of wearable applications and enable a rapid time-to-market for new product ideas,” said Andreas Eieland, director of product marketing for the Microcontroller Business Unit, Atmel Corporation. “Atmel’s new reference platform allows our customers to develop differentiated solutions for cost-optimized, yet competitive, markets including healthcare, fitness, wellness and much more. We continue to help drive the IoT and wearable market with simple, ultra-low power platforms with complete hardware and software solutions.”
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System of Systems: Galileo turns 12 — or 9
Galileo Fregat upper stage flew the latest two Galileo satellites most of the way up to medium-Earth orbit before they finally separated. (Artist’s concept, courtesy of ESA). Galileo satellites 11 and 12 lifted off together on Dec. 17 atop a Soyuz rocket, and successfully deployed in space four hours later. The pair effectively doubles the number of Galileo satellites in space over the last nine months.
Five satellites are now set operational to the user. Once 9 and 10 (launched in September 2015) as well as 11 and 12 are set operational, a total of nine usable satellites will be in orbit. Satellites 5 and 6 may be partially usable at some point.
“Along with the ground stations put in place around the globe, this brings Galileo’s completion within reach,” said Jan Woerner, director general of the European Space Agency.
“Production, testing and launch of the remaining satellites are now proceeding on a steady basis according to plan,” added Didier Faivre, ESA’s director of Galileo and navigation-related activities.
Starting with launches in the third quarter of 2016, four rather than two satellites at a time will rise into orbit. This accelerated deployment should bring 30 satellites on line — 24 operational and six orbit spares — by 2020 for full operational capability of the European GNSS. Initial operating capability is foreseen by the end of 2016.
“The target is initial service next year, with a reduced constellation, for the Open Service, Public Regulated Service and Search-and-Rescue,” said Carlo des Dorides, executive director of the European GNSS Agency (GSA). “We will also start proof-of-concept testing for the Commercial Service. The performance will be reduced in terms of availability and continuity because of the reduced number of satellites — but not in terms of accuracy.”
Fundamental Elements. For the benefit of users and industry on the ground, the GSA announced in September the provision of 100 million euros ($110 million) to promote development of chipsets and receivers. Slated for distribution between 2015 and 2020, the funds are to stimulate market reception for Galileo. The announcement followed a paper published by the Galileo Services industry consortium urged accelerated investment by European governments to safeguard competitiveness of European manufacturers with U.S. and Chinese industry in the satnav user equipment market.
Sensitivity on PRS. Sorting out access to the encrypted Public Regulated Service (PRS), even among the 28 EU member nations, involves some thorny issues. EU officials have grappled with so-called Common Minimum Standards that set rules on PRS access for national government agencies and PRS hardware manufacturers, with the goal of ensuring that the encrypted signal is not compromised. The diversity of EU nations’ security precautions is wide enough that the European Commission (EC) has reserved the right to conduct inspections of agencies and companies working with PRS to verify compliance. Each nation using PRS will create a specialized agency responsible for its use.
Due to the sensitive subject matter, the EU will not publish supporting documents for the Common Minimum Standards in the EU’s Official Journal. The standards were nonetheless approved in November.
Nations outside the EU face a more difficult path to PRS. Norway and the United States have applied. Both are members of the North Atlantic Treat Organization (NATO), and military use by all agreeing parties is a tacit aspect of the PRS. The next step to granting U.S. and Norwegian access is for the EU’s highest decision-making body, the European Council, to give the European Commission authority to open negotiations with U.S. and Norwegian authorities.
New ICD. In late November, the European Commission published a new release 1.2 of the Galileo Open Service Signal In Space Interface Control Document (OS SIS ICD v1.2).
GPS Fully Funded, Minus $2 Million
In late November, President Obama signed the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2016, after vetoing a previous version. The enacted NDAA complies with the two-year budget agreement, which called for a reduction in defense spending.
The act reduces the GPS IIF line item by $2 million, citing “unjustified support growth” from the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations, but otherwise recommends full funding for the Air Force GPS program ($936.775 million).
Privacy Uptaken. In other Capitol developments, Sen. Al Franken (D-MN) reintroduced the Location Privacy Protection Act. According to the senator’s office, “The Location Privacy Protection Act of 2015 closes legal loopholes that allow stalking applications to exist on smartphones.
“Sen. Franken’s bill fixes this problem by requiring companies to get customers’ permission before collecting their location data or sharing it with third parties.”
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Septentrio’s PinPoint-GIS available on ArcGIS Marketplace
GNSS receiver maker Septentrio has announced the availability of its geographical information systems (GIS) PinPoint-GIS on the ArcGIS Marketplace.
PinPoint-GIS was developed to enable straightforward GIS data collection without the need for expensive additional software linking a GNSS receiver with the Esri ArcGIS Platform
PinPoint-GIS helps ArcGIS users make informed and timely decisions, Septentrio said. It turns GNSS data collected by Septentrio’s receivers such as the Altus NR2, Altus GeoPod and the AsteRx-U into actionable GIS data. Height and other project parameters are available directly in the ArcGIS workflow without any additional steps by the user.
Pinpoint GIS makes ArcGIS easily accessible through existing hardware — consumer commercial and ruggedized device, tablet or even smartphone — regardless of operating system. PinPoint-GIS Web makes ArcGIS available from a standard web browser or from an Android app, downloadable from Google Play.
The Android app works with Esri’s Collector for ArcGIS and provides an accuracy widget which confirms horizontal and vertical accuracy in a highly visible way. This brings the user the immediate security that the captured data meets the required accuracy in both the horizontal and vertical.
“Integrating ArcGIS functionality into PinPoint-GIS empowers ArcGIS Online users,” said Gustavo Lopez, PinPoint-GIS Product Manager. “With the click of a button, a PinPoint-GIS user can turn accurate and reliable GIS data collected from their Septentrio GNSS receiver into actionable data needed for smarter decisions, effective analysis and customized maps all within the easy-to-use ArcGIS.”
